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PRINT; JULIUS BIEN S CO. NEW YOR* 



THE SHILOH BATTLEFIELD COMMISSION, 



u 



^the; 



Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania 



AT SHILOH. 



HISTORY OF THE REGIMENT. 



THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 



1905. 






HARRISBURG, PA.: 

HARRISBURG PUBLISHING CO., STATE PRINTERS. 
1905. 



FEB 28 19Q6 
D. ot D, 



TO THE SOLDIERS OF 

THE SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT 
PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. 

IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE DAYS OF 1861-1866, WHILE 

TOGETHER IN CAMP— ON THE MARCH— IN 

BATTLE— AND IN CONFEDERATE 

PRISONS. 



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(4) 



TO THE READER. 



THE Pennsylvania Shiloh Battlefield Commission," having 
completed all the work and duties, for the performance 
of which, it was appointed; now as a proper finale, here- 
with presents to the Comrades and the Public, the following- 
pages; containing a full report of all the work and proceed- 
ings of the Commission. 

The dedication of the monument, erected by the State to 
the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, on Shiloh bat- 
tlefield. 

A brief, but complete history, together with list of casual- 
ties in action and roster of all enlistments of the Regiment. 

An accurate and impartial description of the Battle of 
Shiloh, compiled after much research and labor, by Major 
David W. Reed, the Secretary and Historian to the National 
Shiloh Military Park Commission. 

This is doubtless the very best history of the Battle of 
Shiloh yet produced, and is here given to the reader by the 
kindly permission of the compiler. 

We also give representative reports from Commanders of 
all the armies that were engaged in this great battle, viz: 
General W. T. Sherman, of the Army of the Tennessee, com- 
manded by General Grant, who, however, made no report 
on the Battle of Shiloh, therefore this duty fell upon his 
second in command, General Sherman. 

Generals Buell and McCook, of the Army of the Ohio, and 
General Beauregard, of the Army of the Mississippi, Confed- 
erate. These reports, if carefully read, will be a great help 
to the reader and will enable him to better understand the 
various movements of the armies of both sides, during the 
engagement. 

This work has been very arduous and trying by reason of 
defective and, in some instances, of the entire absence of 
reports bearing on the movements of the Regiment, it was 
at times, very difficult to arrive at exact facts. 

We have, however, in the writing of this Regimental His- 
tory, used our utmost endeavor and diligence, to secure, as 

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6 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

nearly as possible, absolute truth and correctness, but possi- 
bly may have erred in some instances, if so, it was not inten- 
tional, and all we ask, is that the reader will, in such in- 
stances, kindly exercise that greatest of all virtues, "Charity." 

As a whole, we flatter ourselves, that, we have, all circum- 
stances considered, here produced a volume, which, we trust, 
will meet with the approval of all its readers; and one, that 
will be a permanent addition to the History of the old Key- 
stone State in the great war between the States. 

To the members of the "Shiloh National Military Park Com- 
mission," Colonels Cadle and Patterson, Majors Ashcraft and 
Reed, Captain Irwin and Mr. Atwell Thompson, Engineer in 
charge of the Park, his efficient assistant, Mr. W. S. Keller, 
and such other members of the Staff whom we have met while 
on our visits of duty to Shiloh, we feel very much indebted 
for their very kindly and valuable asistance and for the many 
courtesies shown us while with them. We do here desire to 
express our most sincere thanks and high appreciation, with 
the assurance that the very pleasant and agreeable friend- 
ships thus formed, will ever be cherished as some of the 
brightest spots in memory until we shall all have been called 
from this to a better world. 

JOHN OBREITER, 
Chairman Penn. Shiloh Battlefield Commission. 
Lancaster, Pa., 
May 10, 1905. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Report of the Commission, 11 

Dedication of Monument 35 

History of thk Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania 
Volunteers. 

chapter i. 

Recruiting for the Regiment — Camp Slifer — Camp Wilkins — On to 
Kentucky — Camp Nevin — Company K — Reorganization of the 
Army — General Buell in Command — Munfordville — Division 
Moves North to aid Grant at Fort Donelson — Countermarch — 
Bowling Green — Nashville 69 

CHAPTER II. 

Pittsburg Landing — Battle of Shiloh — Company E Joins Regiment — 

Siege of Corinth — March Across Alabama — Battle Creek, 77 

CHAPTER III. 

Bragg moves Northward — Buell follows — Louisville, Kentucky — ■ 
Re-organization of the Army — Fern Creek — Clay Village, Frank- 
fort — Lawrenceburg — Capture of Convalescents and Quartermas- 
ters — Scarcity of water — Perryville, 88 

CHAPTER IA T . 

Buell relieved from Command — Rosecrans succeeds him — Reconnois- 
sance to La Vergne — Reorganization of the Army — On to Mur- 
freesborough — Battle of Stone River — Review of the Army, 99 

CHAPTER V. 

Liberty Gap— Tullahoma. ' 115 

CHAPTER VI. 

Chickamauga Campaign — Battle of Chickamauga — Night attack on 
Johnson's Division — Seventy-seventh men prisoners — Escape from 
Confederate prisons, 123 

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8 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

CHAPTER VII. Page. 

Chattanooga — Short Rations — Rosecrans plans to open communica- 
tions, plan approved by Grant, successful — Rosecrans relieved, 
Thomas placed in command — Grant takes supreme command — 
Skirmish at Lookout Creek — Reorganisation of the Army — White- 
side — 77th Re-enlistments — Home on Vetera^ Furlough, 136 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Regiment returns and joins the Army at Blue Spring, Tennessee — 

Atlanta Campaign — Colonel Rose returns from prisou, 141 

CHAPTER IX. 

Confederates move Northward — Thomas sent to Nashville — Spring 
Hill — Battle of Franklin — Battle of Nashville — Pursuit of the 
Enemy — Winter quarters at Huntsville 149 

CHAPTER X. 

East Tennessee — Strawberry Plain — Bull's Gap — New companies of 
one year meu join regiment — Embark at Johnsonville for Texas — 
New Orleans — -Texas — Return to Pennsylvania — Discharged Jan- 
uary 16, 1866, at Philadelphia, 160 

List of casualties in action, 165 

Roster, 173 

CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF SHILOH. 

Field of operations, 255 

Battle of Shiloh, 263 

Organization of armies, 

Army of the Tennessee, Union, 353 

Army of the Ohio, Union, 361 

Army of the Misissippi, Confederate 363 

Commanding and Staff officers, 370 

MOVEMENTS OF ORGANIZATIONS, . 281 

SHILOH MISUNDERSTOOD, 349 

REPRESENTATIVE REPORTS, UNION AND CONFEDERATE. 

Report of General Sherman, 385 

Report of General Buell, 391 

Report of General McCook, 395 

Reports of General Beauregard 400 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

' The Shiloli Battlefield Commission, Frontispiece. 

* Shiloh Church 11 

' Committee on Location, 18 

/ Hornets' Nest, 272 

v Shiloh Monument, S. E. View, 



°2 
Shiloh Monument, N. W. View, 

■ Bronze Bas-relief panel, Surrender of Col. Battle, "J 

. Bronze Bas-relief panel, Capture of Battery j 

Bronze Inscription Panel, 27 

Inspection of Monument, 28 

^Steamer Clyde at Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 33 

^Program of Dedication of Monument 34 

/ Smwivors of 77th Regiment at the Dedication of Monument 01 

' The Commanders of the Regiment in all its Battles: 

^ Colonel Frederick S. Stumbaugh, 69 

J .ieutenant Colonel Peter B. Housum, 106 

S Colonel Thomas E. Rose, 115 

/General D. C. Buell, 77 

v' General A. McD. McCook, 79 

/Colonel Edward N. Kirk, 101 

V Hamburg and Purdy Road at Review Field, 80 

•s Shiloh Spring, where the 77th men got water after the battle, 82 

, Monument on Chickamauga Battlefield, front view, ~) 

/ Monument on Chickamauga Battlefield, back view, j 

V Siege Gun Battery, 273 

y Tablet on site of First Field Tent Hospital, 309 

' Fifth Brigade Tablet on Shiloli Field, 277 

/ Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment, Tablet on Shiloh Field, . . 313 

/ Bloody Pond on Shiloh Field, 348 

'. Maps of Shiloh Field, in pocket in back cover. 



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REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA SHILOH BATTLEFIELD 
COMMISSION. 



M 



ANY years ago the good people of Harding county, Tenn- 
essee, hewed timber from the surrounding forests, and 
builded for themselves a house in the woods. Their 
lowly temple was erected on the main road to Corinth, Missis- 
sippi, about two and one-half miles from Pittsburg Landing. 
Here they peacefully assembled to worship the Lord of Hosts. 
Little did they dream, that their humble meeting-house would, 
one-day, become famous throughout the civilized world. 
They called it Shiloh Church. To-day the name Shiloh is 
written upon the pages of history, as the title of one of the 
greatest and most fiercely contested battles of modern times. 
In the great war between the States, on the sixth day of 
April, 1862, two large armies, one from the North and one 
from the South, met there in deadly conflict, that raged in 
all its fury, for two long days. In the very center of this 
dreadful contest, so destructive to life and limb, stood this 
humble, little log-church, from which the great battle of 
Shiloh took its name. Upon its site still stands a larger 
House of God, replacing its more lowly predecessor, and bear- 
ing the same historic name. 

So important and far reaching were the results of this great 
engagement, that the National Government determined to 
forever preserve its historic held, and to properly mark upon 
it the lines of battle and the various positions of both armies 
on the ground over which they fought. To accomplish this 
purpose the Congress of the United States enacted the fol- 
lowing law: 

AN ACT 
To establish a national military park at the battlefield of Shiloh. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That in order that the armies 
of the southwest which served in the civil war, like their comrades of the 
eastern armies at Gettysburg and those of the central west at Chicka- 
niauga, may have the history of one of their memorable battles preserved 
on the ground where they fought, the battlefield of Shiloh, in the State 

(ID 

2 



12 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

of Tennessee, is hereby declared to be a national military park, whenever 
title to the same shall have been acquired by the United States and the 
usual jurisdiction over the lands and roads of the same shall have been 
granted to the United States by the State of Tennessee; that is to say, the 
area inclosed by the following lines, or so much thereof as the commis- 
sioners of the park may deem necessary, to wit: Beginning at low-water 
mark on the north bank of Snake Creek where it empties into the Ten- 
nessee river; thence westwardly in a straight line to the point where the 
river road to Crumps Landing, Tennessee, crosses Snake Creek; thence 
along the channel of Snake Creek to Owl Creek; thence along the channel 
of Owl Creek to the crossing of the road to Purdy, Tennessee; thence south- 
wardly in a straight line to the intersection of an east and west line drawn 
from the point where the road to Hamburg, Tennessee, crosses Lick Creek, 
near the mouth of the latter; thence eastward along the said east 
and west line to the point where the Hamburg Road crosses Lick Creek; 
thence along the channel of Lick Creek to the Tennessee River; thence 
along low water mark of the Tennessee River to the point of beginning, 
containing three thousand acres, more or less, and the area thus inclosed 
shall be known as the Shiloh National Military Park: Provided, That the 
boundaries of the land authorized to be acquired may be changed by the 
said commissioners. 

Sec. 2. That the establishment of the Shiloh National Military Park 
shall be carried forward under the control and direction of the Secretary 
of War, who, upon the passage of this Act, shall proceed to acquire title 
to the same either under the Act approved August first, eighteen hundred 
and eighty-eight, entitled 'An Act to authorize the condemnation of land 
for sites of public buildings, and for other purposes," or under the Act 
approved February twenty-see vnth, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, en- 
titled "An Act to establish and protect national cemeteries," as he may 
select, and as title is procured to any portion of the lands and roads within 
the legal boundaries of the park he may proceed with the establishment 
of the park upon such portions as may thus be acquired. 

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to enter into 
agreements whereby he may lease, upon such terms as he may prescribe, 
with such present owners or tenants of the lands as may desire to remain 
upon it, to occupy and cultivate their present holdings upon condition that 
they will preserve the present buildings and roads and the present outlines 
of field and forest, and that they only will cut trees or underbrush under 
such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, and that they will assist 
in caring for and protecting all tablets, monuments, or such other artificial 
works as may from time to time be erected by proper authority. 

Sec. 4. That the affairs of the Shiloh National Military Park shall, 
subject to the supervision and direction of the Secretary of War, be in 
charge of three commissioners, to be appointed by the Secretary of War, 
each of whom shall have served at the time of the battle in one of the 
armies engaged therein, one of whom shall have served in the Army of the 
Tennessee, commanded by General U. S. Grant, who shall be chairman 
of the commission; one in the Army of the Ohio, commanded by General 



Shiloh National Park. 13 

D. C. Buell; and one in the Army of the Mississippi, commanded by Gen- 
eral A. S. Johnston. The said commissioners shall have an office in the 
War Department building, and while on actual duty shall be paid such 
compensation out of the appropriations provided by this Act as the Secre- 
tary of War shall deem reasonable and just; and for the purpose of assisting 
them in their duties in ascertaining the lines of battle of all troops engaged 
and the history of their movements in the battle, the Secretary of War 
shall have authority to employ, at such compensation as he may deem 
reasonable, to be paid out of the appropriations made by this Act, some 
person recognized as well informed concerning the history of the several 
armies engaged at Shiloh, and who shall also act as secretary of the com- 
mission. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of the commission named in the 
preceding section under the direction of the Secretary of War, to open 
or repair such roads as may be necessary to the purposes of the park, and 
to ascertain and mark with historical tablets or otherwise, as the Secretary 
of War may determine, all lines of battle of the troops engaged in the 
battle of Shiloh aud other historical points of interest pertaining to the 
battle within the park or its vicinity, and the said commission in establishing 
this military park shall also have authority, under the direction of the 
Secretary of War, to employ such labor and services and to obtain such 
supplies and material as may be necessary to the establishment of the said 
park under such regulations as he may consider best for the interests of 
the Government, and the Secretary of War shall make and enforce all 
needed regulations for the care of the park. 

Sec. 6. That it shall be lawful for any State that had troops engaged in 
the battle of Shiloh to enter upon lands of the Shiloh National Military 
Park for the purpose of ascertaining and marking the lines of battle of 
its troops engaged therein: Provided, That before any such lines are 
permanently designated the position of the lines and the proposed methods 
of marking them by monuments, tablets, or otherwise shall be submitted 
to and approved by the Secretary of War, and all such lines, designs and 
inscriptions for the same shall first receive the written approval of the 
Secretary, which approval shall be based upon formal written reports, 
which must be made to him in each case by the commissioners of the park: 
Provided, That no discrimination shall be made against any State as to 
the manner of designating lines, but any grant made to any State by the 
Secretary of War may be used by any other State. 

Sec. 7. That if any person shall, except by permission of the Secretary 
of War, destroy, mutilate, deface, injure, or remove any monument, column, 
statues, memorial structures, or work of art that shall be erected or placed 
upon the grounds of the park by lawful authority, or shall destroy or 
remove any fence, railing, inclosure, or other work for the protection or 
ornament of said park, or any portion thereof, or shall destroy, cut, hack, 
bark, break down, or otherwise injure any tree, bush, or shrubbery that may 
be growing upon said park, or shall cut down or fell or remove any timber, 
battle relic, tree or trees growing or being upon said park, or hunt within the 
limits of the park, or shall remove or destroy any breastworks, earthworks, 



14 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

walls, or other defenses or shelter on any part thereof constructed by the 
armies formerly engaged in the battles on the lands or approaches to the 
park, any person so offending and found guilty thereof, before any justice 
of the peace of the county in which the offense may be committed or any 
court of competent jurisdiction shall for each and every such offense forfeit 
and pay a fine, in the discretion of the justice, according to the aggravation 
of the offense, of not less than five nor more than fifty dollars, one-half 
for the use of the park and the other half to the informer, to be enforced 
and recovered before such justice in like manner as debts of like nature 
are now by law recoverable in the several counties where the offense may 
be committed. 

Sec. 8. That to enable the Secretary of War to begin to carry out the 
purpose of this Act, including the condemnation or purchase of the neces- 
sary land, marking the boundaries of the park, opening or repairing neces- 
sary roads, restoring the field to its condition at the time of the battle, 
maps and surveys, and the pay and expenses of the commissioners and 
their assistant, the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, or such portion 
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in 
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and disbursements under this Act 
shall require the approval of the Secretary of War, and he shall make 
annual report of the same to Congress. 

Approved December 27, 1894. 

Upon the approval of this act, the Secretary of War ap- 
pointed the following Commission to carry its provisions into 
effect: From the Army of the Tennessee, Colonel Cornelius 
Cadle, of Cincinnati, Ohio, Chairman; from the Army of the 
Ohio, General Don Carlos Buell, of Faradise, Kentucky; and 
from the Confederate Army of the Mississippi, Colonel R. F. 
Looney, of Memphis, Tennessee. Major David TV. Reed, of 
Evanston, Illinois, an ex-Union officer, was appointed Sec- 
retary and Historian to the Commission, and Captain James 
W. Irwin, an ex-Confederate from Savannah, Tennessee, was 
appointed their Land Purchasing Agent. 

The Commission at once went earnestly to work, acquired 
the desired lands, and began to improve them under the very 
able management of their engineer in charge, Mr. Atwell 
Thompson. AYithin the park limits now run thirty miles of 
gravel roads, unsurpassed anywhere. All undergrowth has 
been removed from the land except on that part of the field 
known as the Hornets' Nest. All lines of battle and all posi- 
tions of both armies have been definitely located and per- 
manently marked by metal tablets, bearing inscriptions which 
detail accurately and concisely the various occurrences of the 



Shiloh National Park. L5 

battle at the different points. Even the roads are completely 
marked with metal signs, making it impossible for strange 
visitors to the Park to lose their way. 

Monuments mark the sites of General Headquarters during 
the battle, and the spots were General officers were killed or 
mortally wounded. The tablets showing the lines of the 
first day's battle are square, while the second day tablets are 
oval shaped. Red borders and letters are used on the Con- 
federate tablets, blue on those of the Army of the Tennessee, 
and orange on those of the Army of the Ohio. This arrange- 
ment is very readily understood. Visitors can see at a glance 
just what troops occupied a particular position, when they 
were there, and what part they took. Taken together, the 
inscriptions constitute a complete history of the battle. 

The locations of camps are shown by tent shaped markers. 
This diversity of color and shape of tablets makes the Park 
much more interesting to visitors than other battle parks 
where but one shape of markers is used. 

The plan of the Park, which is being faithfully and effi- 
ciently carried into effect, is to restore the whole field, as 
nearly as possible to the condition, in which it was at the time 
of the battle. To that end, all clearings made since the bat- 
tle, are replanted in forest trees. The new roads have been 
closed, and all the roads, which were there at the time of 
the battle, have been properly graded and gravelled. 

The only perceptible change made, is the clearing out of 
undergrowth, in order to give a better view of the grounds, 
and to make them more accessible. 

Thus far, a great deal has been accomplished, but much yet 
remains to be done. 

Since the appointment of the Commission, two of its mem- 
bers have answered their last roll call on this earth, and 
have passed to their reward in a better world. They arc < Gen- 
eral D. C. Buell, and Colonel R. F. Looney. The vacancies 
caused by their deaths, were very creditably filled by the 
appointment of Major J. H. Ashcraft, of Paducah, Ky., to 
succeed General Buell, and Colonel Josiah Patterson, of Mem- 
phis, Tennessee, to succeed Colonel Looney. 

By the death of Colonel Patterson, which occurred at Mem- 
phis, on tl>e 12th day of of February, 1004, a vacancy again 



16 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

occurred on the National Commission to fill, which the Sec- 
retary of War, has appointed General Basil W. Duke, of 
Louisville, Kentucky. 

Under the provisions of the Act of Congress, establishing 
Shiloh Park, all states that had troops engaged in the battle 
were requested to co-operate, and to erect monuments or 
other memorials to such troops, on lines or positions occupied 
by them, during the engagement. 

To this request a number of the states have already lib- 
erally responded. Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Iowa, the states 
most numerously represented at the battle, have all 
their monuments in place. Other states are moving in the 
matter, and soon all of them will no doubt, have appropriate 
memorials erected. There are now about 120 monuments in 
place on the Park. 

Our own old Keystone State, always honoring the patriot- 
ism and valor of its sons, has shown its appreciation by the 
following act of the Legislature, providing for a monument, 
which has been erected on Shiloh Park, to commemorate the 
services of the 77th Regiment of Infantry, the only Pennsyl- 
vania regiment that participated in the Battle of Shiloh: 

No. 453. 

AN ACT 

To provide for the erection of a monument to commemorate the services of 

Pennsylvania troops in the battle of Shiloh, and the appointment of a 

commission to carry into effect the provisions of this Act, and making 

appropriation therefor. 

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That immediately after the passage of 
this Act, the Governor shall appoint a commission of seven persons from 
amongst the survivors of the said Seventy-seventh regiment of infantry. 
That the said commission shall be known as "The Shiloh Battlefield Com- 
mission." That the Governor shall fill all vacancies that may occur in said 
commission, and it shall serve without compensation, except actual neces- 
sary expenses incurred in the performance of its duties; and its duties 
shall be to select and decide upon location, design, materials and inscriptions 
for one monument, to commemorate the services of the said Seventy-seventh 
regiment of infantry during the battle of Shiloh, and to enter into contract 
for the construction and erection of said monument: Provided, Said monu- 
ment shall not exceed in cost the sum of five thousand dollars; and when 
such shall have been completed and erected, the Auditor General shall, upon 
properly, specifically itemized vouchers, draw his warrant upon the State 
Treasurer, in favor of the said Shiloh Battlefield Commission, for the sum 
of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the 



Shiloh National Purl: 17 

payment of said monument, and for the further sum of one thousand dollars 
for the payment of the necessary expenses of the said commission. 

For the purposes herein mentioned the following sums, or so much thereof 
as may be necessary, are hereby specifically appropriated: For the erection 
and completion of a monument as aforesaid, the sum of five thousand dollars, 
or so much thereof as may be necessary. For the payment of the neces- 
sary expenses of the said Shiloh Battlefield Commission, and of such 
officers of the State as may be designated by the Secretary of War of the 
United States and the National Shiloh Battlefield Commission to represent 
this Commonwealth in the dedicatory ceremonies, the sum of one thousand 
dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary. 

July 18, 1901 — This bill is approved except as to the following items: 

I approve the item appropriating $5,000 for the construction and erection 
of a monument in the sum of $4,000, and withhold my approval from the 
balance of said item. 

I withhold my approval of the item appropriating $1,000 for the expenses 
of the commission. 

I have made the reduction aforesaid because of insufficient State revenue. 

WILLIAM A. STONE. 

The foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General 
Assembly No. 453. 

W. W. GRIEST, 
Secretary of the Commonwealth. 

Governor William A. Stone, in compliance with the afore- 
said Act of the Legislature, appointed the following persons, 
all survivors of the Seventh-seventh Regiment, Pennsylvania 
Volunteers, viz: 

Samuel T. Davis, Lancaster, 

Henry P. Krebs, Pittsburg, 

John W. Kreps, Allegheny, 

Michael McNally, Philadelphia, 

John Obreiter, Lancaster, 

William A. Robinson, Pittsburg, 

George W. Skinner, Scotland, 
as Commissioners to carry into effect all the provisions of 
the said Act of Assembly. 

These Commissioners met for organization, on the 15th day 
of October, 1901, at the Soldier's Orphans Industrial School, 
Scotland, Pennsylvania. 

The meeting was called to order by Captain Skinner, and 
the following permanent organization effected all being unani- 
mously chosen: 



18 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

John Obreiter, Lancaster, Chairman. 
Samuel T. Davis, Lancaster, Secretary. 
George W. Skinner, Scotland, Treasurer. 

These officers were, on motion of General Robinson, ap- 
pointed as an Executive Committee, and given full power to 
act for the Commission in all cases. 

It was decided to have one monument constructed and 
erected, as provided by law, the same to be of a combina- 
tion of bronze and granite; all inscriptions, as far as practica- 
ble, to be on bronze, in raised capital letters, it being the 
unanimous opinion, that inscriptions on bronze were more 
legible, more durable and less liable to injury from the ele- 
ments and other causes, than those inscribed on stone. 

The monument to be of granite, surmounted by a statue, in 
bronze, of a private soldier, in the uniform, and equipments 
as worn by the regiment at the battle of Shiloh, and that the 
principal events, in the history of the regiment in that battle, 
be shown by bronze bas-relief panels on the sides of the monu- 
ment, and the Pennsylvania Coat of Arms in bronze bas-relief 
on its front. 

On the 23d day of November, 1901, the Chairman and Sec- 
retary, together with Captains McNally and Kreps and Ser- 
geant Krebs, of the Pennsylvania Commission, met on Shiloh 
battlefield for the purpose of locating a proper site On which 
to have the monument erected; upon the arrival of this Com- 
mittee at Pittsburg Landing, they were met by Colonel Cadle, 
Chairman; Major Reed, Secretary, and Colonel Patterson, of 
the National Commission, also Mr. Atwell Thompson, Engi- 
neer in charge, his assistant, Mr. William S. Keller, and Gen- 
eral Lew Wallace, who was on a visit to the battlefield. 

The purpose of our visit, with the able assistance of Major 
Reed and Mr. Thompson, was soon accomplished in a very 
satisfactory manner, the location decided upon is, on the Park 
plan, on line 96, station 73-30, 45' east, on the Hamburg and 
Purdy road, in an open field, known as the Review Field, in 
this field the Regiment rendered most efficient services during 
the battle. 

No visitors to the Park will fail to see the Pennsylvania 
monument, and there learn from it, if he has not previously 
known, that Pennsylvania had one regiment there to take part 



Shiloh National Park. 19 

in the struggle, which took place on that ground on the 7th 
day of April, 1862. 

The following are the rules adopted by the Secretary of 
War and the National Park Commission to govern the erec- 
tion of monuments or other memorials on the Park: 

"RULES GOVERNING SHILOH PARK. 

"War Department, 
"Shiloh Battlefield Commission, 
"Pittsburg Lauding, Tenn., March 1, 1896. 
"In accordance with the Act of Congress, approved December 27, 1894, 
establishing the Shiloh National Park, the following regulations are pub- 
lished for the information and guidance of all interested in the erection 
of monuments, tablets or other methods of indicating lines of battle or 
positions within the limits of the Park: 

"1. Statements of the proposed dimensions, designs, inscriptions upon, 
and materials for all monuments, tablets or other markers, must be sub- 
mitted, in duplicate, to the Commissioners of the Park, and in the case of 
monuments, plans and elevations showing exact measurements, and a close 
estimate of weight must also be submitted. The Park Commissioners will 
report upon these to the Secretary of War, and upon his approval, such 
monuments, tablets, or markers may be erected, but not until such approval 
has been obtained. 

"2. Monuments, markers and other permanent memorials must be con- 
structed of bronze or granite, or a combination of these two materials. The 
number of markers shall be limited to such, as in the judgment of the 
Secretary of War may be necessary to designate important positions. 

"3. Inscriptions must be purely historical, and must relate only to the 
Battle of Shiloh. They must also be based upon, and conform to, the official 
reports, or competent testimony, where reports are missing or not complete, 
and must be submitted to the Secretary of War, through the Park Commis- 
sioners, for his approval, before being inscribed upon monuments, tablets 
or other markers. 

"4. Regimental monuments shall be placed on brigade lines, or on ground 
where the regiments did their most notable fighting. However, in case a 
regiment concerned became separated from its own brigade, and most 
distinguished itself while alone or attached to another, its monument may 
be so placed as to show this fact. General memorial monuments, erected 
by States, must be located on grounds upon which some of the troops 
of the State erecting the monument were engaged. Where troops fought 
outside of the limits of the Park, their monuments may be placed at such 
points within the Park as the Commissioners of the Park may designate, 
with the approral of the Secretary of War. 

"5. The location proposed for each monument, marker or other perma- 
nent memorial must be submitted to the Secretary of War, through the Park 
commissioners, for his approval, and none shall be erected until such 
approval shall have been obtained. 



20 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

"G. The foundations of all State monuments will be constructed without 
cost to the States, under the direction of the Park Engineer. 

"7. The Commissioners will designate the width of tire to be used upon 
trucks hauling monuments over the roads built by the Government, and 
in case of wet weather such hauling will not be permitted. The width of 
tire will be regulated by the weight of the monument, permission for 
moving monuments to points designated for their erection must be obtained 
from the commission. 

"8. Work upon monuments or other markers or tablets within the Park 
or its approaches, will not be allowed on Sundays. 

"9. Brigades and Divisions may be designated in the inscriptions by 
their numbers, where that method was used, or by the names of their 
respective commanders, or both. The numerical designation alone would 
be meaningless to most visitors. 

"For the Commission, 

"CORNELIUS CADLE, 

"Chairman." 

The various monument builders, throughout the country, 
were accordingly invited to submit designs to the Commis- 
sion, on or before December 16, 1901, for one monument, con- 
structed on the lines indicated, and erected on Shiloh National 
Military Park, to cost for materials, construction and erec- 
tion, exclusive of foundation and all other expenses, a sum 
not exceeding three thousand dollars. 

After careful examination and full consideration, by the 
Commission, of the various designs submitted. It was de- 
cided that the one submitted by the Harrison Granite Com- 
pany, of New York City, was, in all respects, the best, and 
gave the greatest value for the sum named; therefore, after 
making a number of modifications and changes in the design, 
which were accepted by that company, the award was made 
to them and the following contract entered into: 

ARTICLES OP AGREEMENT, 

Made and entered into this 27th day of February, A. D. one thousand 
nine hundred and two, by and between the Harrison Granite Company, 
duly incorporated, of New York city, and Barre, Vermont, of the first 
part; and the State of Pennsylvania by its The Shiloh Battlefield Commis- 
sion, appointed under Act of the Legislature approved July 19, 1901, of 
the second part. 

WITNESSETH, That the said party of the first part do hereby, for 
themselves and their successors and assigns, covenant, promise and agree 
to and with the said party or the second part, that they the said party of 
the first part, their successors or assigns, shall and will, for the consid- 



Shiloh National Park. 21 

eration hereinafter mentioned, on or before the 15th day of September. 
A. D. 1902, well and sufficiently erect, finish and deliver completed in a true, 
perfect and best workmanlike manner, one monument on the site desig- 
nated by the said Shiloh Battlefield Commission on Shiloh National Military 
Park, at Pittsburg Landing, in the State of Tennessee, commemorating 
the services of the 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers in the battle 
of Shiloh, agreeably to, and in accordance with the specifications and 
drawings prepared for said monument by the said party of the first part, 
and to the entire satisfaction of the Shiloh National Park Commission and 
the Shiloh Battlefield Commission of Pennsylvania, said specifications and 
drawings shall be part of this contract, any work or details shown in 
either specifications or drawings, or both, shall be executed as if it were 
fully shown in both specifications and drawings. 

The contractors or party of the first part, at their own proper cost and 
charge, shall provide all manner of labor materials, utensils, cartage and 
transportation of every description, and everything else needful for the 
due performance of all the work required in the construction and erection 
of said monument. 

In consideration for which, the said party of the second part, does 
covenant, promise and agree to and with the said party of the first part, 
their successors, and assigns, that the said party of the second part, after 
a thorough and satisfactory inspection by the said Shiloh Battlefield Com- 
mission, of the completed work, as soon as practicable after the above 
covenants and agreement have been strictly executed, kept and performed 
as specified, and after properly executed releases for all demands whatsoever 
furnished by the said party of the first part, will well and truly pay, or 
cause to be paid unto the said party of the first part, their successors or 
assigns, the sum of three thousand dollars, lawful money of the United 
States, being in full for all claims or demands whatsoever, incidental to the 
erection and construction of said monument. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said parties to this agreement have 
hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year first above written. 

HARRISON GRANITE CO., 
W. H. HARRISON, Pres. 
Witness present: 
S. P. Draa. 

For the State of Pennsylvania, 
By its Shiloh Battlefield Commission, 

JOHN OBREITER, 

Chairman. 
Martha II. Davis. 
Phares Auxer. 

S. T. DAVIS, 

Secretary. 

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, 

That, We, the Harrison Granite Company of New York City, and 
Barre, Vermont, are held and firmly bound unto the State of Pennsylvania. 



22 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

by its The Shiloh Battlefield Commission, hi the sum of one thousand 
dollars, lawful money of the United States, for which payment well and 
truly to be made and done, we bind ourselves, our successors, and assigns. 

WHEREAS, The said Harrison Granite Company have contracted with 
the State of Pennsylvania, by its The Shiloh Battlefield Commission, by 
a contract dated the 27th day of February, A. D. 1902, and hereunto 
annexed; the condition of this obligation is, that if the said Harrison Granite 
Company shall duly perform said contract, then this obligation to be void, 
otherwise it shall remain in full force and virtue. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The said Harrison Granite Company have 
hereunto set their hand and corporate seal this 27th day of February, A. 
D. 1902. 

HARRISON GRANITE COMPANY, 

By W. H. HARRISON, Pres. 

Witness present: 
S. P. Draa. 

State of New York, 
County of New York, 

On the 3d day of March, one thousand nine hundred and two, before the 
undersigned, a notary public in the State aforesaid, personally came W. H. 
Harrison, President of the above named corporation, who having been duly 
sworn, did depose and say, that he was personally present at the execution 
of the above contract and bond attached hereto, and saw the common seal 
of the said corporation, The Harrison Granite Company, of New York 
city, and Barre, Vermont, duly affixed thereto, and that the seal so affixed 
is the common and corporate seal of the said The Harrison Granite Com- 
pany of New York city and Barre, Vermont, and that the above contract 
and bond attached thereto, were duly signed, sealed, and delivered as and 
for the act ami deed of the said corporation to the intent and purposes 
therein mentioned, and that the name of the deponent subscribed thereto 
as President of the said corporation, in attestation of the due execution 
and delivery of the said contract and of the bond attached thereto, is of 
the deponent's own proper handwriting. 

W. H. HARRISON. 

President. 

Sworn to and subscribed before me the day and year above named. 

CHARLES W. <ASE, 

Notary Public. 

My Notarial Commission expires on the 31st day of March. 1902. 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

For labor performed, and materials furnished in the erection of a monu- 
ment to the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers on Shiloh Battlefield, according 
to plans which accompany this specification. For the State of Pennsyl- 
vania by its Shiloh Battlefield Commission. 




■J ;■"' 




77 T . H PA. MONUMENT S. E. VI EW 
S H I LO H . 



V 




print: jul 
PA. MONUMENT N.W.VIEW 
S H I L O H. 



JS BIEN S CO- NEW YORK 



Shiloh National Park. 23 



General Conditions: 



The material shall be of the most select Barre, Vt., granite of finest 
quality, free from flaws, iron, sap and other objectionable features, and 
in every way the best available material for the purpose- intended. It is 
to be jointed and surface cut, as shown by the drawings, the beds to be 
set perfectly level and true with jointings of sheet lead. 

Finish: 

The granite shall be rock-faced on vertical surfaces where so indicated 
in the design, all the washes, mouldings and margins being fine hammer 
dressed. 

The carved Keystone on two sides of die shall be not less than 1' 10" 
across widest part. 

Sizes : 

L pper Die, 3'6"x3'G"x4'l" 

Lower Die, 4' 4" x 4' 4" x 2' 3y 2 " 

Third Base, 5' 0" x 5' 0" x 1' 0y 2 " 

Second Base, 6' 3" x 6' 3" x V 0" 

Bottom Base, 8' 0" x 8' 0" x 1' 6" 

Approximate w T eight of granite, 40,640 lbs. 

Approximate weight of bronzes, 950 lbs. 

Bronzes : 

There shall be a bronze statue surmounting the monument, the same 
to be secured to the granite by bronze expansion bolts, 2' 4" square at 
plinth, and 6' 6" high, including plinth, approximate weight 500 to 600 lbs. 

There shall be one bronze bas-relief on the west side of the lower die, 
size of same to be 3' 5" x V 6y 2 " and weighing approximately 90 lbs. 

Subject: Charge on Battery. 

There shall be one bronze bas-relief on the east side, size of same to be 
3' 5" x 1' 6y 2 ", weighing 90 lbs. 

Subject: Surrender of Col. Battle. 

On the south side there shall be one bronze tablet, size of same to be 
3' 5" x 1' 6%", weighing 70 lbs. and containing the following inscription: 

77th Regiment Infantry, 2" 

5th Brigade (Kirk's) 2" 

2nd Division (McCook's) 2" 

Army of the Ohio, 2" 

Organized August 1, 1861. — Discharged January 16, 1866, %" 

On the north side there shall be one bronze tablet, size of same to be 

3' 5" x 1' 6y 2 ," weighing 70 lbs., and containing the following inscription: 
The 77th Penna. arrived at Pittsburg Landing at 7 A. M. April 7, 1862. 

It was the only Pennsylvania regiment on the field. 



About 2 P. M. the regiment charged upon, and captured two guns of a 
Confederate battery. 



24 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

"Being now satisfied that the enemy had changed his point of attack 
from the right to my left, I ordered the 77th Penna. to take a position on 
my extreme left and repel the assault there being made. It immediately 
engaged the enemy. At this moment the contest along the whole line 
became terrible." 

"This regiment, partially isolated from the division, moved steadily over 
an open field under a heavy fire, while here the enemy's cavalry charged it 
twice, but were each time repulsed with heavy loss. 

Col. Stumbaugh had the satisfaction of receiving the sword of Col. Battle 
of the 20th Tenu., who surrendered as a prisoner." 

General McCook's report. 

All inscriptions on bronze tablets shall be in raised capital letters. 

There shall be a bronze State seal bas-relief on the front side of the 
upper die, approximate size 1' 8" x 1' 2", weighing approximately 28 lbs. 

All these shall be skilfully modeled by an artist of repute, and satisfac- 
tory to the Battlefield Commission, and shall be cast in copper bronze, of 
United States standard composition, in every way high class, and fully 
equal to the best of its kind. 

All bronze tablets or panels shall be securely fastened with bronze 
expansion bolts, in recesses cut in the stone, and shall be below the surface 
of the stone work. 

Foundation: It is understood that the Park Commissioners shall furnish 
the foundation ready for the erection of the granite work. 

Erection: The delivery and erection shall be done by the contractor, and 
all work performed in a good and undamaged condition, and to the entire 
satisfaction of the Park Commissioners, and to the Battlefield Commission, 
and that all labor, attending the same, shall be in accordance with the 
requirements of the Shiloh Battlefield Commission. 

All expenses incidental to the erection of this monument, including 
materials, transportation, labor, etc., shall be borne and paid by the con- 
tractor. 

HARRISON GRANITE CO., 
by W. H. HARRISON, Pres. 



Upon notice from the contractors, that the clay models for 
the bronze work were ready for the inspection by the Com- 
mission, a committee of two (Chairman and Secretary) of the 
Commission, on April 14, 1902, proceeded to New York City, 
for the purpose of examining them, at the studio of Julius 
C. Loester, Sculptor, where, after suggesting and making a 
number of changes, additions and alterations, they approved 
the designs. 

The statue of the soldier to surmount the monument, was 
modeled after a portrait of the Chairman of the Pennsylva- 



Shiloh National Park. 25 

nia Shiloh Battlefield Commission, which was taken in the 
field in 1862. 

After being finally completed the clay models were de- 
livered to the Gorham Manufacturing Company of New York 
City, who made the bronze castings from them. 

Shiloh Park is one of the most difficult points in the country 
to reach with heavy freight. It is about twenty miles from 
the nearest railway station, Corinth, Mississippi, and the 
roads between the two points are mere trails or wagon tracks, 
impassable for a considerable portion of the year, for even 
light vehicles, and utterly so, at all times for heavy hauling. 
Consequently all monument work must be shipped by rail- 
road to some point on the Tennessee river and there trans- 
ferred to barges, which are then towed up the river to Pitts- 
burg Landing, where they meet with still another difficulty 
in the form of bluffs, from eighty to one hundred feet high, all 
along the river banks, over which the monument must be 
moved in order to reach the Park. All these difficulties 
make the matter of transportation a very considerable item 
in the cost of monuments. 

Even the river, at certain seasons of every year, becomes 
too low for navigation, and for this reason our contractors 
were unable to comply fully with the terms of the contract, 
as to the time limit allowed therein, for fininshing the work. 

All the w r ork of construction, however, was completed in 
due time, but could not be forwarded until February 23, 1903, 
on which day it was shipped from Barre, Vermont, it 
reached Pittsburg Landing on the 30th day of March follow- 
ing, and was finally completed and erected on the 24th day 
of April. Whereupon Mr. Thompson, sent us the following 
notice regarding the event. 

"War Department, 
"Shiloh National Military Park Commission, 
"Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., May 1, 1903. 

"Mr. John Obreiter, Lancaster, Pa.: 

"Dear Sir: Your letter of the 27th ulto., to hand. The 77th Penna. mon- 
ument is set, both granite and bronze. Mr. Lewis will complete the con- 
crete pavement to-day. Everything about the monument is precisely as 
specified. The granite is faultless and the workmanship as nearly perfect 
as any I have seen. You have a good monument, and you may pay for it 
at any time you please, and with an easy conscience. 



26 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

I shall grade around it in a few days, putting in a crossing, so that 
vehicles can leave the main road, and drive about it, so as to examine it on 
all sides. The bronze figure is good. 

"Yours very truly, 

"ATWELL THOMPSON, 

"Engineer in Charge." 

Iii order to be absolutely certain that the bronze work for 
monuments to be erected on Shiloh Park is of the proper 
standard and in every way correct, the National Commission- 
ers have borings taken from their inner surface as soon as 
such bronzes are landed at Pittsburg Landing. Before the 
bronzes are permitted to be erected, such borings are sent 
to competent chemists and assayers, and by them analyzed. 
Such analysis is made at the expense of the State Co minis 
sioners. It is a very wise and commendable precaution to 
take. Under this rule the 77th Pennsylvania bronze was 
duly analyzed, with the following very satisfactory result, 
proving it to be just what it was intended that it should be: 

Analysis. 

Copper, 88 . 5 per cent. 

Tin, 3.5 per cent. 

Lead, 0.3 per cent. 

Zinc, 7.7 per cent. 

In addition to the analysis, the State Commissioners ex- 
acted the following releases: the one from the Bronze 
Foundry people, which, in addition to releasing the State and 
Commission from all charges, also guarantees the quality of 
the bronze composition : 

The second is a release from the sculptor, giving an un- 
qualified release from all charges for his work. 



"RELEASE AND GUARANTEE OP THE GORHAM MANUFAC- 
TURING CO. 

"Know all Men by these Present, That we. The Gorham Manufacturing 
Company, of the city of New York, did cast in bronze and furnish one 
statue of a private soldier, in the position of 'At Rest,' six and one-half 
feet high, two bas-relief and two inscription panels, each three feet five 
inches by one foot and six and one-half inches, and one bas-relief Penn- 
sylvania State Coat of Arms, for the monument to the Seventy-seventh 
Pennsylvania Volunteers, constructed and erected on the battlefield of 



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Shiloh National Park. 27 

Shiloh, by the Harrison Granite Company, of the city oi' New York, for 
the State of Pennsylvania, by its Shiloh Battlefield Commission. 

"We, the said Gorham Manufacturing Company, do hereby guarantee 
that all of the above mentioned bronze work, as cast and furnished by ns, 
is of full United States standard copper bronze composition: And further, 
We do hereby release the said State of Pennsylvania, and its Shiloh Battle- 
field Commission, from all claims or charges, either for material, labor or 
anything whatsoever furnished by us, incident to the construction or erec- 
tion of said monument. 

"In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and corporate seal 
this 4th day of May, A. D. 1903. 

"GORHAM MFG. CO., 
"By G. H. ROBINSON, P't." 

Witness present, 
W. C. Spencer. 



"RELEASE PROM THE SCULPTOR. 

"Know all Men by these Presents. That I, Julius C. Loester, of the city 
of New York, sculptor, did model in clay, the statue of a private soldier, 
two bas-relief panels and one Pennsylvania State Coat of Arms, for the 
Harrison Granite Company, of the city of New York. Said models were 
by me delivered to the Gorham Manufacturing Company, to be by them 
cast in bronze, for the said Harrison Granite Company, which bronze 
castings were to be used in the construction and erection of a monument to 
the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers on Shiloh battlefield by the said Harrison 
Granite Company, for the State of Pennsylvania and its Shiloh Battlefield 
Commission. Be it known that I do hereby release the said State of Penn- 
sylvania and its Shiloh Battlefield Commission from all charges for labor, 
materials or any thing whatsoever, furnished by me, incident to the modeling 
of said statue, panels and coat of arms. 

"In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this first day 
of May, A. D. 1903. 

"JULIUS C. LOESTER. (Seal.)" 

Witness present, 
John Cavagnaro. 

On May 18, 1003, a committee of two went to Shiloh to in- 
spect, in conjunction with members of the National Park Com- 
mission, the completed Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Monu- 
ment. Such inspection was made the following day, when it 
was found that the work had all been done in full accord with 
all the provisions of the specifications and contract. 

It was therefore accepted, and so reported to the State 
authorities and paid for. 

The following letter from the Chairman of the National 
3 



28 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Commission, in reference to the matter, further certifies that 
everything is as it should be: 

"War Department, 
Shiloh National Military Park Commission, 
"Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., May 19, 1903. 
"Mr. John Obreiter, 

"Chairman Pennsylvania Shiloh Commission, Lancaster, Pa.: 

"My Dear Sir: I have to-day, with yourself and Captain McNally, of 
your commission, made a critical examination of the monument, erected 
upon the battlefield of Shiloh by the State of Pennsylvania, to the 77th 
Pennsylvania Regiment of Infantry. 

"I find it to be in exact accord with the design, specifications and inscrip- 
tions, submitted by your commission under date of February 7, 1902, 
approved by this commission February 14, 1902, and by the Secretary of 
War February 17, 1902. 

"I have the honor, therefore, to advise you that, when your dedication 
occurs, the monument will be received by the Government of the United 
States. 

"Yours very respectfully, 

"CORNELIUS CADLB, 

"Chairman." 

From out of the fund reserved for expenses, the Commis- 
sion, by proper management, was enabled to have a cement 
or concrete pavement, eight feet wide, constructed around, 
on all sides of the monument. This pavement was made from 
the very best obtainable materials, and is first class in every 
respect. 

It adds greatly to the general appearance of the monument, 
and will most effectually prevent, for all time, the growth of 
weeds around it, as is so often seen elsewhere. 

The total cost of the monument and pavement, including 
all expenses, necessarily incurred, incidental to its construc- 
tion and erection, is fully covered by the appropriation made 
therefor, viz., four thousand dollars. 

Itemized vouchers, showing in detail all expenditures, are 
on file with, and were duly approved by the Auditor General 
of the Commonwealth. 

The Commission have conscientiously complied with and 
performed all the duties required of them by the Act of the 
General Assembly, and feel confident their work will meet 
with the cordial approval of all who may see and examine the 
results of their labor of love. 




PRINT. JULIUS B I EN a CO NEW YOF 



NSPECTION OF MONUMENT. 



Shiloh National Park. 29 

The relations existing between the members of the Commis- 
sion, have been, throughout its entire existence, of the most 
pleasant and friendly character, all worked together in full 
accord and harmony at all times, from the beginning to the 
successful finish. 

The only unpleasant feature met with, was the death of 
our most highly esteemed colleague, General William A. Rob- 
inson, than whom there did not exist a more upright, genial 
and kindly Christian gentleman. He was considerate and 
just at all times, and under all circumstances. His good ad- 
vice and sound judgment was always deferred to. He has, 
ever since his removal from our midst, been sadly missed by 
his fellow-commissioners. 

His death occurred on the 4th day of October, 1902. 

It was the unanimous opinion of his colleagues, that, out 
of respect for the memory of their friend and comrade, the 
vacancy on the Commission, caused by his death, should not 
be filled by any other person. 

The Governor was accordingly requested to not appoint a 
successor to their lamented friend. 

To further show their high regard and esteem for their 
soldier boys of 1861, the Legislature of our Commonwealth, 
passed an Act, which was very promptly approved by the 
Governor, providing for the Dedication of the Seventy sev- 
enth Regiment monument at Shiloh, and for the transporta- 
tion of all honorably discharged surviving soldiers of the reg- 
iment, from their homes in Pennsylvania, to Pittsburg Land- 
ing, and return, in order that they might attend the cere- 
monies at the dedication, and once more go over their .first 
battlefield, and meet old comrades whom they had not seen 
since the memorable days of forty years ago. 

Such action on the part of the constituted authorities of 
the State, stimulates, as it should, patriotism and the love 
of country in the hearts of its old defenders; and such visit 
to the old familiar grounds of strife, will be a pleasant 
memory and a fertile theme of conversation with the "old 
boys" until they have all passed to their final reward. 

The act referred to was as follows: 



30 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

No. 160. 

AN ACT 

To provide for the dedication of the Pennsylvania monument erected on 
Shiloh battlefield, to commemorate the service of the only Pennsylvania 
regiment at the battle of Shiloh, namely, the Seventy-seventh regiment of 
infantry; and to provide transportation for the survivors of the said 
Seventy-seventh regiment to and from Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, 
to attend said dedication; and making an appropriation therefor. 

Whereas, The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 
by act approved July eighteen, one thousand nine hundred and one, author- 
ized "The Shiloh Battlefield Commission" to decide upon the location, 
design, material and inscription for one monument, to commemorate the 
service of the Seventy-seventh regiment of infantry, the only Pennsylvania 
regiment at the battle of Shiloh, and to make contract for its construction, 
and its erection on the battlefield of Shiloh; 

And whereas, Under the provisions of said act, an appropriate monument 
has been constructed and erected to the said Seventy-seventh regiment, 
under the superintendence of the said Shiloh Battlefield Commission; 

And whereas, The people of this Commonwealth have always venerated 
the patriotic and heroic deeds of her soldiers, and now desire, not only to 
commemorate the sacrifice of her sons who gave their lives for their 
country, but also to honor her surviving veteran soldiers; therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c, That the Governor of the Commonwealth 
shall, at such time within the current year, Anno Domini one thousand 
nine hundred and three, as he shall deem best, appoint a day for the dedi- 
cation of said monument, to be called "Pennsylvania Day." 

Section 2. That said dedication shall be under the control and direction 
of the said "Shiloh Battlefield Commission," who shall make all arrange- 
ments and take charge of the ceremonies on the field. 

Section 3. There shall be provided and furnished, at the expense of the 
Commonwealth, to all surviving honorably discharged soldiers of the said 
Seventy-seventh regiment, Pennsylvania infantry, transportation to enable 
them to attend said dedication; such transportation to cover distance from 
the railway station in Pennsylvania nearest their respective places of resi- 
dence, by the shortest and most convenient route, to Pittsburg Landing, 
Tennessee, and return, and it shall be so arranged that the said transporta- 
tion shall be good for one month, and shall permit stopovers at any stations 
on the route, within said time of one month. 

Section 4. That the Adjutant General of the Commonwealth be and is 
hereby directed, authorized aud empoAvered to provide transportation for 
said soldiers as aforesaid, to and from Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee. For 
such transportation he is authorized to pay such sums of money as shall 
be agreed upon, not exceeding two cents per mile; and the Adjutant General 
is further authorized to provide such blanks, and establish such rules for 
the reception of applications and the issuance of orders for transportation, 
as may be deemed proper, and he shall give publicity to the provisions of 



Shiloh National Park. 31 

this act, in order that all soldiers entitled to transportation under the same 
may avail themselves of its benefits. 

Section 5. That any person who shall personate any soldier entitled to 
the provisions of this act, to secure transportation under it, or use or 
attempt to use the transportation provided for such soldiers, or any such 
soldier, who, having procured such transportation, and who shall sell, 
barter, trade or dispose of such transportation in any manner whatever 
to any other person, shall be guilty of misdemeanor; and upon conviction 
thereof shall be fined not more than fifty dollars, or imprisoned not more 
than one month, or both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the 
court. 

Section G. That the sum of five thousand ollars, or so much thereof as 
may be necessary, is hereby specifically appropriated, out of any money 
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated; that two thousand dollars, or 
so much thereof as may be necessary, of this appropriation shall be set 
aside for the purpose of paying the expenses of the said "Shiloh Battlefield 
Commission," necessarily incurred in the performance of the duties incident 
to said dedication, and of such officers of tlie State of Pennsylvania as may 
be designated by the Governor to represent the State at the dedicatory 
ceremonies; and shall be paid on the warrant drawn in favor of said 
Shiloh Battlefield Commission by the Auditor General upon the State Treas- 
urer, upon specifically itemized vouchers, duly verified by the officers of 
the said commission; unexpended balances, not exceeding three hundred 
dollars of this sum of two thousand dollars, which is hereby set aside as 
aforesaid, shall be used for compiling and editing the Reports of the said 
Shiloh Battlefield Commission; the balance of said appropriation, namely, 
three thousand dollars, shall be to pay for the transportation aforesaid and 
all expenses incident thereto, and shall be paid on the warrant of the 
Auditor General, drawn in the usual manner: Provided, That the Adjutant 
General shall, within sixty days after the dedication of said monument, 
file with the Auditor General specifically itemized vouchers, showing in 
detail the disbursements under this act. Unexpended balances of the money 
herein appropriated shall revert to the State Treasury at the close of the 
fiscal year ending with the thirty-first day of May, Anno Domini one 
thousand nine hundred and five. 

Approved— The 16th day of April, A. D. 1903. 

SAML. W. PENNYPACKER. 

About the same lime that the Seventy-seventh's monument 
at Shiloh was ready for dedication, another Pennsylvania 
monument was due to be unveiled in commemoration of the 
services of the Seventy-third regiment at Missionary Ridge, 
near Chattanooga, Tennessee. 

To save time and obviate the necessity of two separate 
journeys south by the Governor and his staff to attend both 
dedication ceremonies it was decided that the two events 
should take place at as nearly the same time as could be con- 



32 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

veniently arranged. Accordingly Governor Pennypacker se- 
lected November 9, 1903, for the dedication of the Seventy- 
third regiment's monument on the Missionary Ridge battle- 
field, and Thursday, November 12, 1903, for the dedication of 
the Seventy-seventh's monument on Shiloh battlefield. 

With his characteristic vigor, despatch and unfailing good- 
nature, Thomas J. Stewart, Adjutant General of Pennsylva- 
nia, made all the necessary preliminary arrangements with 
the various railroad and steamboat companies for the com- 
fortable transportation of the survivors of the two regiments 
and the official party to the respective dedications. This 
labor of love was rather onerous, but General Stewart never 
dreams of complaining when asked to do anything for his 
comrades. All who profited by his foresight and thorough- 
ness on these dedicatory occasions loudly voiced their appre- 
ciation of his unwearying care for their comfort. 

The regimental survivors, applying for transportation from 
the eastern part of Pennsylvania, .were directed to go by way 
of Washington, D. C, over the Southern Railway, while those 
residing in the western part of the State were routed through 
Cincinnati, over the Queen and Crescent Railway, to Chatta- 
nooga. 

On November 7, 1903, Governor Pennypacker and Staff, to- 
gether with many survivors of the two regiments, left Phila- 
delphia on a special train for Washington, D. C. Joined 
there by many men from other parts of the State, they took a 
special train on the Southern Railway for Chattanooga. This 
special was run under the personal supervision of Mr. Charles 
L. Hopkins, the Philadelphia Passenger Agent of the South- 
ern Railway, and had the right of way over all other trains. 
The chosen route was through the far-famed "Land of the 
Sky," Asheville, North Carolina, and down the valley of the 
French Broad river. The men were all very much pleased 
with the first-class accommodations furnished and by Mr. 
Hopkins' constant attention to their comfort. None re- 
gretted the selection of a route which furnished them some 
of the most beautiful mountain scenery in the United States. 

The special arrived at Chattanooga on Sunday evening, No- 
vember 8, 1903, somewhat ahead of the scheduled time. The 
Seventy-third's monument was dedicated the following morn- 



Shiloh National Park. 33 

ing. Then followed, until the evening of the next day, various 
sight-seeing excursions over historic points near Chattanooga, 
such as Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Orchard Knob and 
Lookout Mountain. These two days on their old familiar 
fighting grounds were a great treat to the men of the Sev- 
enty-seventh, adding very much to their enjoyment of the 
trip. 

On the evening of the tenth, the Governor and Staff, to- 
gether with the survivors of the Seventy-seventh left Chat- 
tanooga, on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Rail- 
way for Johnsonville, on the Tennessee river. There they em- 
barked on the steamer Clyde, of the St. Louis and Tennessee 
River Packet Company, for Pittsburg Landing, at which place 
they arrived about five o'clock on Thursday morning, Novem- 
ber 12, 1903. 

There being no adequate hotel accommodations at Pitts- 
burg Landing for a large party, the Clyde was held there for 
them during their stay. 

The sun rose that day in a cloudless sky and by the time 
the partjr had been driven to the monument for the formal 
exercises the temperature was about sixty-five degrees, while 
later on a light breeze tempered the sun's warmer rays. 

The dedication ceremonies took place at the monument on 
the battlefield at 9.30 o'clock in accordance with the follow- 
ing order of exercises or programme, a facsimile of the pro- 
gramme as previously issued by the Commission is here given. 




(34) 



DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 

SEVENTY-SEVENTH 

PENNSYLVANIA 




SHILOH BATTLEFIELD 

NOVEMBER 12, 1903 



THE PENNSYLVANIA 
SHILOH BATTLEFIELD COMMISSION 

REQUEST YOUR PRESENCE AT 

SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK, 

PITTSBURG LANDING, TENNESSEE, 

AT THE 

DEDICATION OF THE MONUMENT TO THE SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT, 

PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS, 

O.N THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1903. 



JOHN OBREITER, Chairman. 

S. T. DAVIS, Secretary. 

GEO. W. SKINNER. Treasurer. 



(35) 










(30) 



ORDER OF EXERCISES. 



CAPTAIN MICHAEL McNALLY, 77th Pa. Vols., Presiding 



PRAYER, Jacob Iseuberger, 77th Pa. Vols. 

TRANSFER OF MONUMENT TO THE GOVERNOR, 

John Obreiter, 77th Pa. Vols., Chairman of the State Commission. 

ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE AND TRANSFER TO 
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMNT, 

Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. 

ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 

Col. Cornelius Cadle, Chairman of the National Commission. 

ADDRESSES, 

Col. Thos. E. Rose, 77th Pa. Vols. 

William L. Woodcock, 77th Pa. Vols. 

General J. P. S. Gobin, National Guard of Pennsylvania. 

DOXOLOGY. 



(37) 



PENNSYLVANIA 
SHILOH BATTLEFIELD COMMISSION. 



♦Deceased. 



Sergt. John Obreiter, Chairman. 
Capt. Samuel T. Davis, Secretary. 
Capt. Geo. W. Skinner, Treasurer. 
*Gen. Wm. A. Robinson. 
Capt. Michael McNally. 
Capt. John W. Kreps. 
Sergt. Henry B. Krebs. 



(38) 



Dedication of Monument. 30 



INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN MICHAEL 
McNALLY, OF THE 77th PENNSYLVANIA VOLUN- 
TEERS. 



YOUR Exellency, ladies and gentlemen and comrades: As 
Presiding Officer, on this occasion, I extend to you a 
soldier's cordial and fraternal welcome, in behalf of the 
Shiloh Battlefield Commission of Pennsylvania. 

We meet to-day to dedicate this monument, in honor and 
remembrance of the bravery and heroism of our comrades of 
the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers, whose noble sacrifice 
on this spot, has made it possible for you and me, to still enjoy 
the protection and blessings of a free and united country. 

In reviewing the scenes of the past, my memory carries me 
back to the bloody conflict, on this field of Shiloh, and the 
sacrifice then made by our comrades, in their heroic efforts 
for the preservation of the Union. 

Little can the present generation appreciate the sufferings 
of those noble men, who so willingly offered up their lives 
for their country; but, we who were with them in that memor- 
able conflict, bear witness to their heroic devotion to the flag, 
and under the dispensation of a divine Providence, we arc 
here to-day, to praise their valor and do honor to their 
memory, and to mark in a fitting manner, the spot where they 
fell. 

Comrades, let us cherish this spot, hallowed by the noble 
deeds of .the brave men, who gave up their lives, that this 
nation might live. 

Your Excellency, comrades, and citizens of our noble State 
we entrust this beautiful monument to your faithful care and 
keeping. Let us keep in memory this consecrated spot, hal- 
lowed beyond all others, by the noble deeds, and splendid 
courage of our fallen companions. 

In conclusion, permit me to request that the gentlemen who 
are to speak, make their addresses brief as consistent with 
the limited time, for visiting other parts of the field, by com- 
rades and others. 



40 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



IMiAYER. 



Jacob Isenberger, 77th Pa. Vols. 



OH! Thou God of our Fathers, we would most reverently 
uncover before Thee this day, in acknowledgement of 
Thy loving kindness and for Thy tender mercies which 
have followed us all the days of our lives up to this present 
moment. 

Well do we remember, more than forty-one years ago, we 
stood on this historic battlefield, then in the vigor of young 
manhood. To-day our hair is turning gray, ready for the gar- 
ner, soon it will be said of us, that we too, have gone to join 
the great army on the other side. 

We thank Thee that we are so highly favored to-day in 
meeting again, a remnant of this most gallant Pennsylvania 
Eegiment, on this field of carnage, looking in each other's 
faces, taking each other by the hand, greeting each other 
around this most beautiful monument about to be dedicated 
to commemorate the past as well as to commemorate the 
future. We pray Thee that nothing may be said or done that 
would mar or interfere with our enjoyment of this meeting; 
and when we are done with this life and its cares, we pray 
Thee, Thou God of our Fathers, that we may be gathered home 
with our fathers in that Kingdom where Thou hast gone to 
prepare a place for Thy children. There will be no wars, no 
rumors of wars, no pestilence, no separation, no death, where 
all tears will be wiped away, where we shall reign with the 
redeemed in glory throughout all eternity. We ask it all in 
Jesus' name. Amen. 



Dedication of Monument. 41 



TRANSFER OF MONUMENT TO THE GOVERNOR. 



John Obreiter, Chairman of the Commission. 



MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES, GENTLEMEN AND COM- 
RADES: It is indeed a great pleasure to see so many 
of your happy faces here today on this very interesting 
occasion. I extend to you, one and all, the heartiest greetings 
and bid you welcome to the field of Shiloh. 

Comrades, it is more than two score years ago since you, 
for the first time set foot upon this soil, but how different 
the conditions from what they are now. Then you came here, 
met an armed foe and engaged him in mortal combat, now, 
you are on a peaceful mission, and meet only friends with 
kindly greetings of friendship and good will. All are now 
under the same flag, and all rejoice in the results of the great 
struggle that was then going on between the states, yet our 
being here to-day is the direct outcome of that former visit to 
Pittsburg Landing. 

We are met here to-day to dedicate this beautiful monu- 
ment, erected by the State of Pennsylvania to commemorate 
the services rendered on this field by her Seventy-seventh Reg- 
iment of Infantry, the only regiment from east of Ohio that 
participated in the Battle of Shiloh. 

The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania came to Pittsburg Land- 
ing with the Army of the Ohio under General Don Carlos 
Buell. The Second Division of BuelPs Army, commanded by 
General Alexander McDowell McCook, w r as composed of the 
brigades of Rousseau, Kirk and Gibson, the Seventy-seventh 
Pennsylvania then being a part of the command of Colonel E. 
N. Kirk. 

Memory easily takes us back to those early spring days of 
1862, the days of our boyhood and youth, and to the morning 
of that memorable sixth day of April, while on the march 
southward, and yet some thirty miles from this place, when 
the sounds of the conflict then raging here first broke faintly 



42 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

upon our ears, becoming more and more distinct as we ad- 
vanced. We can almost hear it yet, the boom-boom-boom of 
heavy artillery. Soon couriers appear from the front with in- 
telligence from the battle and bringing orders to hurry for- 
ward with the reinforcements; knapsacks, blankets and every- 
thing that would impede a rapid march, were thrown aside, an 
extra supply of ammunition taken, then the forward move 
was pushed with the utmost vigor. 

The last fourteen miles of that march were made by you, my 
comrades, almost entirely on the double quick, reaching 
Savannah early in the evening. Who among you that were 
there, can or will, ever forget the scenes presented to view 
as we entered that town? The houses were all turned into 
hospitals and filled with wounded men brought from the bat- 
tle field eight miles distant. And you, my comrades, standing 
in those muddy streets that whole long, terrible night in a 
continuous down pour of rain, without shelter of any kind. 
It was indeed very difficult to keep even your powder dry. 
HoweAer, early the next morning, before the break of day, 
the regiment embarked on steamboats and proceeded up the 
river, arrived at Pittsburg Landing at seven o'clock in the 
morning of the second day of the great battle that was then 
being fought here. After landing, the regiment, together 
with the rest of the Brigade, advanced in support of Rousseau, 
and when his men had exhausted all their ammunition, Kirk's 
brigade took their place on the front line of battle. At about 
the same time, there being imminent danger on the left of 
the division, by reason of an extended interval in the line on 
that flank, the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania was detached 
from its brigade, and sent alone, there to the left, into that 
gap, where it soon cleared the woods of an extremely annoy- 
ing lot of sharpshooters who were there concealed among the 
trees. 

General McCook, in his official report, says, "Being now sat- 
isfied that the enemy had changed his point of attack from 
my right to the left, I ordered Colonel Stumbaugh's Seventy- 
seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers to take a posi- 
tion on my extreme left. He immediately engaged the enemy. 
At this moment the conflict along the whole line became terri- 
ble. 



Dedication of Monument. 43 

"This Regiment, partially isolated from the rest of the divi 
sion, moved steadily over an open Held under a heavy fire, and 
while there, the enemy's cavalry charged it twice, but were 
each time repulsed with heavy loss. Colonel Stumbaugh had 
the satisfaction of receiving the sword of Colonel Battle of 
the Twentieth Tennessee, who surrendered as a prisoner." 

This is the field referred to by General McCook. The clear- 
ings to the south, there beyond the road, were at that lime en- 
tirely covered by forest trees. The Regiment had advanced 
to this spot, Gibson's Brigade having been sent to the left of 
Kirk, was there to the right, but entirely concealed from our 
view by the smoke of battle and by undergrowth. It was 
heavily engaged and in danger of being forced back, when just 
at the opportune time, up came a section of Bouton's Illinois 
Battery, and yonder, in the edge of the woods went so vigor- 
ously into action that in a very short time it had silenced the 
enemy's battery there to the front. Then Bouton disap- 
peared toward the right of Gibson and there performed a 
like service. 

Dodge, the historian of the Second Division, in describing 
this scene, says, "The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, ever 
watchful for an advantage over the foe, succeeded in getting 
a flanking range on his line, and poured in a very destructive 
enfilading fire.'' The enemy soon gave way, and pursuing him 
into the woods, the Regiment charged upon a Confederate 
Battery and captured two of .its guns. I remember as if it 
was but yesterday, while passing between those two guns, of 
going from the one to the other to see whether or not they 
were spiked. Captain McNally (ells me that he did the same 
thing, and the captain says they were not spiked. Leaving 
the guns behind, where they were doubtless picked up and 
turned in by some other command, which then received the 
credit for their capture, the Regiment pushed forward in pur- 
suit of the enemy, and just at the close of the fighting, cap- 
tured Colonel Joel A. Battle, he being the highest in rank of 
any Confederate prisoner taken at the Battle of Shiloh. 

Only this morning I was informed that the friends of Col- 
onel Battle claim that he was taken prisoner upon his return 
to the field in search of the body of his son, who was killed 
during the conflict. 
4 



44 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

It seems almost a pity to destroy such a pathetic little story 
of parental affection, but the facts however, are that the Col- 
onel was with his regiment, where every good soldier should 
be at such a time, he had lost his horse, and being a large 
heavy man, was unable to keep up with his men in their rapid 
retreat from the field, finding it impossible to get away, he, 
concealed behind a large tree, fired three ineffective shots at 
Major Bradford, when, seeing the men of the Seventy-seventh 
Pennsylvania closing around him, he displayed a white hand- 
kerchief on the point of his sword, surrendered and was then 
brought before Colonel Stumbaugh as shown by the bas-relief 
panel there on the monument. 

His actions gave no indications, other than his great de- 
sire to get away with his command. 

It is a great satisfaction to be able to say that the conduct 
of the Kegiment in this its first battle, met with the full ap- 
proval of its superiors, it having successfully performed every 
duty to which it was assigned. What more can be said of any 
command than that it did its whole duty, and when we con- 
sider that in this case those duties were performed almost 
without loss, who for one moment can doubt that we were 
under the protection of a power far greater than that of man? 

General Sherman says, "I am ordered by General Grant to 
give personal credit where it is due and censure where I think 
it is merited. I concede that General McCook's splendid divi- 
sion from Kentucky drove back the enemy along the Corinth 
road, which was the great central line of this battle. There 
Beauregard commanded in person, supported by Bragg's, 
Johnston's and Breckinridge's Divisions," General Grant hav- 
ing himself made no report, therefore these words from Gen- 
eral Sherman come as from the highest authority and require 
no comment. 

We might, as has been suggested, follow the Kegiment from 
here throughout its entire service, but you, my friends, want 
to see this beautiful Park, and our President has ordered us 
all to be brief and not to bore or weary you with too much 
talking, and as it is the first duty of the soldier to obey orders, 
therefore, I must, on this occasion, at least, try to be good 
and obedient, but I cannot refrain from telling you that the 
Seventy-seventh was the last of the Pennsylvania Kegiments 



Dedication of Monument. 45 

to be discharged from the service, and that throughout its 
whole long career it was never left behind to guard railroads 
or bridges, or to do garrison duty, but that it was always at 
the front, always within easy reach of the enemy and always 
ready for any emergency that might arise, and that it never 
broke in battle and never ran from the face of an enemy, and 
what the boys called "soft snaps" was entirely unknown to 
the Eegiment. 

The men of the Seventy-seventh are justly proud of the 
record made by the Regiment, yet they are very modest about 
it. All concede that theirs was not the only Regiment in the 
service and that there were others just as good. The nearest 
approach to boasting that ever came under my notice was 
from our old comrade sitting there in your midst, with his 
crutches by his side, David Michael, of sturdy old company 
"G," when, a few years ago, he wrote in a letter now in my 
possession, "I do not wish to boast, but I will say, that for 
endurance and staying qualities, our Regiment was second to 
none." These appear to be the general sentiments of all the 
men of the Seventy-seventh. Our Colonel Rose, in his report 
on the Battle of Stone River, says, "During this great battle 
our little Regiment did no discredit to the old Keystone 
State." These words apply with equal force to the conduct 
of the Regiment at Shiloh and throughout its entire history. 

The full significance of Colonel Rose's words will be better 
understood, when I tell you that, subsequent to that battle, 
the entire army of the Cumberland was drawn up in review, 
when its Commander, General Wm. S. Rosecrans, while riding 
along the line, paused in front of the Seventy-seventh, re- 
quested its Colonel to come forward, and said "Colonel, I see 
your Regiment is all right. Give my compliments to the men, 
tell them that the Senenty-seventh Pennsylvania is the Ban- 
ner Regiment of Stone River. It was the only regiment on 
the right wing that did not break ranks." Colonel Rose replied, 
"General, they never will break ranks." We can now, with 
all truth, go one step further and say they never did break 
ranks. 

This monument of granite and bronze materials, almost in- 
destructible, will stand here long after we shall all have 
passed to our rewards. It will tell to all visitors of the ser- 



40 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

vices performed on this field by the volunteer citizen soldiers 
from the old Keystone State. The statue of a private sol- 
dier surmounting it, shows the uniform and equipments as 
worn and carried by the men of the Seventy-seventh, and it, 
together with the bas-relief and inscription panels, give al- 
most entire, a brief and concise history of the Seventy-seventh 
Pennsylvania Volunteers during that terrible 7th day of 
April, 1S62. 

Now, your Excellency, Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor 
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Shiloh Battlefield 
Commission, without expectation of any reward, other than 
the approval of then' comrades and fellow-citizens, have con- 
scientiously and fully performed and completed all the duties 
and purposes for which they were appointed, I now in their 
behalf, tender to you, this monument, a fitting memorial to 
the valor of the sons of Pennsylvania, with the hope and 
prayer that it may stand here in all its beauty, throughout 
all coming generations, unharmed or unmarred, by either the 
hand of man or the elements of nature. 



ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE AND TRANS- 
FER TO THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 



Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker. 



MR. CHAIRMAN, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN AND 
COMRADES: The Governor of Pennsylvania, the Ad- 
jutant General of Pennsylvania, two Brigadier Gen- 
erals of her National Guards, and all these distinguished citi- 
zens have travelled 1,200 miles to be at the dedication of this 
monument to the only Pennsylvania regiment that fought 
here. This is an event of more than ordinary significance. 
All over these hills, and among all these valleys, through 
which these rivers pour, the State of Pennsylvania has made 
a lasting impression. In early times her citizens, leaving the 
Cumberland and Susquehanna valleys, came through Virginia 



Dedication of Monument. 47 

and over the mountains to Tennessee, and many of the men of 
Tennessee, who won renown in battle and attained distinc- 
tion in the Legislative Halls, look back to the land of Penn, 
Wayne and Meade as that of their forefathers. Possibly I 
may be permitted to illustrate this close connection between 
the two states by a somewhat personal reference. A few 
years ago a Pennpacker was treasurer of the State of Tennes- 
see. My family contributed 147 men to the war of 1861. 
This was the largest single family contribution in the United 
States. The most intense sacrifice of the war occurred in the 
family of Mark Pennypacker, of Tennessee, all of whose five 
sons were killed in the Confederate army. I had a cousin, 
who at the early age of 23, was a Brevet Brigadier General in 
command of a brigade in the Confederate army of the south. 
He was wounded seven times and lives to tell of the virtues 
of the hospitals of this State. At Shiloh, when the attack 
was made, Major General Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss com- 
manded the front. His entire division was swept away by 
Johnston, whose name comes from the Perkiomen valley, and 
whose grandmother was a Pennypacker. 

Pennsylvania bears a relation unlike that of any other state 
to that war. She was the first to step to the front in the 
struggle. 

At 4.30 A. M. on April 12, 1861, the Confederates opened 
fire in Charleston Harbor. That very day, before the sun had 
gone down, the Pennsylvania Legislature voted $500,000 to 
arm the State. Pennsylvania troops were the first to arrive 
at Washington. She alone had an entire division in the army. 
Her pro rata of dead is larger than that of any other state. 
The decisive battle of the w T ar was fought by her sons on her 
soil. The Army of the Potomac was organized by McClellan 
and commanded by Meade. 

It was fitting that, in this initial battle to get down the 
Mississippi to its mouth, she should be represented on this 
field. This fell to the 77th Pennsylvania, a regiment of brave 
men and efficient officers. Its Colonel was one of the bravest 
of the brave, a very Chevalier Bayard, lb- stood on the right 
at Chickamauga at the death of General rreston Smith. He 
dug out of Libby prison, and had a distinguished career, after- 
wards, in the regular army. Private Long still carries a frag- 



48 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ment of a rifle, broken in his hands by a Confederate shell. 
This regiment came 30 miles in one day to be in this fight, 
and was at once sent to the front. They had a severe strug- 
gle, and captured two cannons and a Colonel. They shed 
their blood and sacrificed their lives here. What more, as a 
representation, could be asked of them? Later on they parti- 
cipated in many more important engagements, of their part 
in which we may well be proud. 

To them the State has erected this beautiful monument. I 
now accept it. It will stand longer than those, which, 3000 
years ago, Tiglathpilesar erected on the plains of Assyria. 

I now turn it over to you (addressing Colonel Cornelius 
Cadle), the representative of the United States, believing that 
a great people will never permit this monument to their 
memory to disappear from the face of the earth." 



ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL GOV- 
ERNMENT. 



Colonel Cornelius Cadle, Chairman Shiloh National Military Park 
Commission. 



G 



OYERNOR PENNYPACKER, AND GENTLEMEN OF 
THE PENNSYLVANIA SHILOH COMMISSION: 
Under these instructions from the Secretary of War: 



War Department, October 16, 1903. 
"Colonel Cornelius Cadle, 

"Chairman Shiloh National Military Park Commission: 
"Sir: I beg to advise you that it will be impracticable to send a repre- 
sentative from the War Department to receive from the Governor of Penn- 
sylvania the monument erected upon the Battlefield of Shiloh to commemo- 
rate the services of the Seventy-seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania in the 
battle of Shiloh, which monument is to be dedicated November 12, next. 

'*lt is, therefore, desired that, as chairman of the Shiloh National Military 
Park Commission, you will receive said monument from the State of Penn- 
sylvania on behalf of the Government of the United States. 

"Very respectfully, 

"ROBERT SHAW OLIVER, 
"Acting Secretary of War." 



Dedication of Monument. Ill 

it is my pleasant duty to receive from you, Sir, on behalf of 
the Government of the United States the magnificent monu- 
ment erected upon this field by the Commonwealth of Penn- 
sylvania to commemorate the gallant deeds of her Seventy- 
seyenth Regiment of Infantry on that memorable day in April, 
1862, and to assure you and the Pennsylvania Commission 
that the work, so well done by your State upon this field, will 
be cared for by the United States and stand as a perpetual 
memorial to the fidelity of the soldiers of Pennsylvania, and 
of Pennsylvania's gratitude. 

Pennsylvania sent to the support of the Union, during the 
War of the Rebellion, 197 regiments, 5 battalions and 13 com- 
panies of infantry; 27 regiments, 2 battalions and 18 com- 
panies of cavalry; 4 regiments and 3 companies of heavy 
artillery; 1 regiment, 1 battalion and 13 companies of light 
artillery, and 1 company of engineers. 

The number of men furnished by Pennsylvania during that 
war was 337,936. It should be borne in mind, however, that.this 
number represents enlistments (credits) and not the actual 
number of individuals in service, which latter has never been 
officially determined, no compilation of the number of re-en- 
listments ever having been made. It is estimated, however, 
from the best data obtainable, that the number of individuals 
from Pennsylvania in service in the Union Army and Navy 
during that war was 269,230. 

This little squad of Pennsylvania men, way out in the woods 
of the west, numbered but 504 for duty, less than two-tenths 
(2-10) of one per centum of Pennsylvania's total. It was the 
only regiment in the battle from the East of Ohio. 

The number of deaths among the Pennsylvania troops in 
service during the War of the Rebellion was 33,183, of which 
number 9,351 were killed in action; 5,914 died of wounds re- 
ceived in action, and 17,918 died of disease and other causes. 

The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania's loss upon this field is 
incommensurable with the total of Pennsylvania's casualties 
in the War of the Rebellion. Yet your Commonwealth, Sir, 
never forgetful of the deeds of her loyal sons, places here, 
even for the smallest fraction of its forces in battle, an ever- 
lasting tribute. 

Here was fought the first great battle of I lie West. Its 



50 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

result convinced the Nation, both North and South, that it 
was a war between Americans that could only be ended by 
courage, blood and time. It was ended favorably for both 
sides in the success of the Union cause, and from and because 
of that war we, the American people, are now a Nation of the 
World. 

Our National Commission feels a gratification at the fact 
that }^our State selected as its Commission soldiers with 
whom we have been in entire accord. The result of their 
labor speaks for itself. 

I again say that this granite and bronze memorial is now 
in the hands of the Government, the people of the United 
States. 



ADDRESS. 



Thos. E. Rose, Colonel 77th Pa. Vols. 



COMRADES OF THE 77TH REGIMENT OF PENNSYLVA- 
NIA: It affords me greater pleasure than I can summon 
words to express to be able to meet so many comrades of 
the old 77th at this historic spot on an occasion so fraught 
with interest as this. We have come here to-day to dedicate 
a monument which our countrymen of the State of Pennsyl- 
vania have caused to be erected at this place as a lasting 
memorial of the services, which we, the soldiers of the 77th 
Regiment of Pennsylvania, rendered to our beloved country 
when she was in the throes of dissolution. It was indeed kind 
of our countrymen towards us to do this, and it was particu- 
larly kind and good of them to provide us with free trans- 
portation from our homes to this place to enable so many of 
us to assemble together on this occasion. Our countrymen 
of the State of Pennsylvania, by these acts have given a very 
clear and expressive token of their gratitude to us for our 
faithful services which we rendered to our country not only 
on this historic field but on many other hard fought fields. 



Dedication of Monument. 51 

On behalf of the regiment, I take sincere pleasure in thanking 
our countrymen of Pennsylvania for thus honoring ns. 

My Comrades, as we are assembled here now to-day, we 
are a very different body of men in appearance, as well as 
in circumstances from what we were when we formed line on 
the banks of yonder river on the morning of the 7th of April, 
L862 with a powerful and victorious foe before us. We were 
then strong in numbers, in the bloom and vigor of youthful 
manhood, full of life's young blood, and of ardor for battle 
preparing to grapple with armed foes. Now we have dwindled 
to a small parcel of old men, decrepit and tottering under 
the weight of years and drawing very near to the banks of 
another and silent river, beyond which, in the language of 
Shakespeare, is that undiscovered country from whose bourne 
no traveler returns. Then we had a tremendous battle right 
on our hands. On every side was the clash of arms and the 
smoke of battle. As we stood that morning on this spot, we 
were in the midst of a disrupted country, with the prospect of 
a long and exhausting war before us; how long no man could 
then foresee. 

On the evening of that day, the enemy was driven from the 
field; and the battle of Shiloh was won, but the war was not 
over; it was but the beginning of the war, and though we 
were elated b} r our great victory, we still looked with gloomy 
forebodings at the dark and bloody prospect before us, for 
we. the soldiers of the 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania in- 
tended from the beginning to fight the war to a finish, and we 
could easily foresee that there was many another fierce and 
desperate battle to be fought; many another long and toil- 
some march to be made (we had already marched from Louis- 
ville, Ky., to this place); many another night of shelterless 
exposure to cold and snow and rain to be endured, and many 
thousands of other appalling dangers to be encountered be- 
fore our country could be freed from its awful peril. Such 
was the outlook on the evening of the 7th day of April, 18G2, 
the last day of the great Battle of Shiloh. 

But more than forty years have rolled away since that day. 
And now, as we dedicate this monument, the War of the Re- 
bellion is over. It is long past, and many of its incidents are 
forgotten. The foes with whom we so fiercely struggled from 



52 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

'62 to 'Go have become our friends, and the old battlefield on 
which we are now standing is no longer in a disrupted coun- 
try, but is in the midst of a great united and glorious country. 
On every side, instead of blood and carnage and the smoke 
and roar of battle, is peace and joy and safety — such is the 
wondrous change. None but those who went through that 
mighty struggle from first to last, endured its hardships and 
privations and fought its battles, can fully realize it; and 
none can realize it better nor more fully than the surviving 
soldiers of the gallant regiment, to the memory of whose ser- 
vices this fine monument is dedicated. 

The 77th Kegiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers was mus- 
tered into the service of the United States in October, 1861, 
and discharged and sent home in January, 1866, having vir- 
tually served through the whole war; for its enrollment in 
October was but the continuance of the service of officers 
and men who entered the three months service in April when 
the war began. The regiment was composed principally, if 
not entirely, of that class of officers and men. 

The original Colonel was F. S. Stumbaugh, of Chambers- 
burg, Pa., who served as its Colonel for a little more than one 
year, when he was appointed by the President to be a Briga- 
dier General. The second Colonel was Thos. E. Rose of Pitts- 
burg, Pa., who was promoted from Captain of Company B., 
and then served as its Colonel a little more than three years 
to the end of the war, and until the regiment was disbanded 
and sent home. Its original Lieutenant Colonel was Peter B. 
Housum, of Chambersburg, Pa., who served as its Lieutenant 
Colonel for a little more than one year. He was killed at the 
Battle of Stone River, December 31, 1862. The second Lieu- 
tenant Colonel was F. S. Pyfer, of Lancaster, Pa., who was 
promoted from Captain of Company K., and then served as its 
Lieutenant Colonel for a little more than two years, until he 
was physically disqualified for further service, and honorably 
discharged. Its third Lieutenant Colonel was Wm. A. Rob- 
inson, who was promoted from Captain of Company E., and 
then served as its Lieutenant Colonel a little less than one 
year to the end of the war and until the regiment was dis- 
banded. Its original Major was Stephen N. Bradford, of 
Scranton, Pa., who served as its Major for a little more than 



Dedication of Monument. 53 

one year until he was physically disqualified for further ser- 
vice and honorably discharged. Its second Major was Alex. 
Phillips, of Scranton, Pa., who was promoted from Captain of 
Company G., and then served as its Major for a little more 
than two years. He was desperately wounded and lost an 
arm at the Battle of Lovejoy Station, October 3, 1864; was 
physically disqualified for further service and honorably dis- 
charged. Its third Major was Joseph J. Lawson who was pro- 
moted from Captain of Company C, and then served as its 
Major a little less than one year to the end of the war and 
until the regiment disbanded. Its original Adjutant was S. 
T. Davis, of Lancaster, Pa., who served as its Adjutant for a 
little more than two years. He was desperately wounded at 
the Battle of Resaca, May 24, 1864; was physically disqualified 
for further service and honorably discharged. All of these 
field officers as well as its Captains and Lieutenants, with few 
exceptions had entered the three months' service and served 
continuously from the beginning of the war. 

The Battle of Shiloh was only one incident in the long and 
faithful service of that gallant regiment. It was its first 
great battle however, and as it was the only Pennsylvania 
Regiment in this battle, no more appropriate- place could be se- 
lected to erect and dedicate a monument to the memory of 
this regiment than on this battlefield of Shiloh. 

The Battle of Shiloh was fought on the 6th and 7th of 
April, 1862. On the 6th of April, 1862, the Confederate forces 
under General Albert Sydney Johnston having advanced from 
Corinth, Miss., attacked the U. S. forces under General U. 
S. Grant at this place. The Confederates were victorious 
from the very onset, and throughout that fearful day, the bat- 
tle raged like the eruption of a volcano. The major part of 
Grant's forces was driven pell mell to the river, but there 
were at least, 12,000 men of Grant's army that held the field 
and fought with great obstinacy until night closed upon the 
awful scene and until they could be reinforced by the army 
under General Don Carlos Buell, who was approaching from 
the direction of Nashville to take part in the battle. On the 
evening of the 6th, the leading division of Buell's army under 
General Nelson arrived at and crossed the river and joined 
the stubborn remnant of Grant's army. The next morning, 



54 /Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

the second and third divisions of Buell's army under Generals 
Crittendon and McCook also crossed the river and went into 
the battle. Up to this time the Confederates had been vic- 
torious, but they had suffered appalling losses, among whom 
was their Commanding General. The arrival of these re- 
inforcements at once turned the tide of the battle and the 
Confederates were driven from the field. The obstinate fight- 
ing of Grant's forces on the 6th had so worn out and dis- 
concerted the Confederates that they could not withstand the 
vigorous onslaught of Buell's fresh troops on the 7th, so that 
the victory for the U. S. troops from that time on to the end 
of the battle was comparatively easy. The 77th belonged to 
and went through the battle with McCook's Division. This 
Regiment was highly complimented by its Commanding Gen- 
eral for its conduct in the battle. 

At the time of the Battle of Shiloh, the 77th Regiment of 
Pennsylvania had been enrolled in the service of the. United 
States about six months and had performed some pretty hard 
and important service, but this was its first great battle, and 
its career of actual war service as a regiment may be said to 
have begun right here on the 7th day of April, 1862. Had its 
career of war service ended here, in all probability we would 
never have been assembled here or elsewhere like on the 
present occasion. But its career of war service did not end 
here. It served faithfully and heroically through the whole 
war; it served continuously and saw all the phases of the 
war. There was nothing in the way of good conduct that ever 
was done or could be done by soldiers in war, that was not 
done by the soldiers of the 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania 
in the course of its career. It is not necessary to relate parti- 
cular incidents of dashing feats of valor, or of steadfast cour- 
age and endurance on the part of its officers or men. No regi- 
ment that went through the entire war, from beginning to 
ending as the 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania did, but that 
officers and men do such things many times over, and the 
relating of them in detail would make people tired, for it was 
not special occasions of heroic conduct, or particular instances 
of spasmodic bravery on the part of certain troops that served 
our country through its periods of great danger. It was the 
long and continuous service of brave men who stood bv their 



Dedication of Monument. 55 

country through every trial. This the 77th Regiment of Penn- 
sylvania's Veteran Volunteers <li<l. It stood by the country 

not only through the Battle of Shiloh, but through every bat- 
tle that occurred within the reach of the army to which it be- 
longed during the entire war; not only through one long and 
arduous campaign, but through every campaign of the army 
with which it served. It performed its whole duty from 
first to last, and did every kind of heroic act that ever was re- 
quired of, or done by soldiers in war. 

The 77th Regiment belonged to that division of the armies 
of the United States designated as the Army of the Cumber- 
land. That army was originally organized and commanded 
by General Wm. Tecumseh Sherman in the latter part of the 
summer of 1861. It was afterwards more completely or- 
ganized and commanded by General Don Carlos Buell. It 
was next commanded by General Wm. S. Rosecrans when it 
received its designation and has ever since been known as 
the Army of the Cumberland. It was finally commanded by 
General Geo. H. Thomas, under whose command it remained, 
and still retained its designation as Army of the Cumberland 
until the Southern Confederacy- was overthrown and the war 
ended. 

The 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania joined the Army of the 
Cumberland (then the Army of Ohio) at Louisville, Ky., in 
October, 1861, when that army was being organized by Gen- 
eral Sherman. From that time on it served with that army, 
went through all its campaigns and fought through all its 
battles. Wherever the Army of the Cumberland was during 
the war, there also was the 77th Pennsylvania sharing in all 
its vicissitudes, in all its victories, in all its reverses. I do 
not think the Army of the Cumberland ever was defeated, 
and I know it never was whipped or driven from any battle- 
field, but it did receive some staggering blows, and on no other 
part of that army, nor on any other one regiment, did those 
blows fall heavier or oftener than they did on the 77th Penn- 
sylvania; nor were those blows received by any regiment with 
sturdier manhood, nor returned with more fatal effect upon 
the enemy than those received and returned by the 77th Regi- 
ment of Pennsylvania, and as before stated, the 77th Regiment 
of Pennsylvania's Veteran Volunteer did its whole duty 



56 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

throughout the whole war, and our countrymen of Pennsylva- 
nia have done rightly and well to posterity, to themselves and 
to us, by causing this line monument to be erected and dedi- 
cated on this field as a lasting memorial of the services'of this 
gallant regiment. 



ADDRESS. 



William L. Woodcock. 77th Penn. Vols. 



MR. PRESIDENT, COMRADES, LADIES AND GENTLE- 
MEN: I am glad to have lived to see this day. I am 
glad I lived to see the seventh day of April, 1862, when 
the Seventy-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers 
helped to win the great and important victory achieved on 
this field. I am glad, I say, to have lived to see this day when 
we come here again, not with sword and gun, but with glad 
heart and voice to do honor to the men of our regiment who 
died here for their country's flag, as well as to you who sur- 
vive. I am glad to have lived to see this glad day, when we 
know no North, no South, no East, no West, when peace 
reigns sup*reme in our land. I am glad to have lived to see 
the day when the Blue and the Gray are ready to inarch shoul- 
der to shoulder, under one flag against any foreign foe that 
dares to meet us in combat. We used to talk about shaking 
hands over the "bloody chasm." I thank God I have lived to 
see the day when there is no bloody chasm. The chasm is 
filled by the prosperity of the present and the hopes of the 
future. I am glad to have lived to see the day when the 
Nation in which we live is feared, honored and respected by 
all the Nations of the earth. I am proud to be an American 
to-day — proud that I live under the flag on which the sun 
never ceases to shine. 

The Battle of Shiloh was a sanguinary one. It was one of 
the greatest battles of the war, and one of the most import- 
ant. The most important victory up to that date was won 
here on this bloody field. A brilliant southern writer 
acknowledges this when he said, "The south never smiled 



Dedication of Monument. 57 

after Shiloh." The sandy soil of Shiloh drank some of the 
best blood of the south and here her proudest hopes lie 
buried. Here they lost one of their brightest, bravest and 
best generals, namely. Albert Sidney Johnston. Near yon- 
der old log church he expired, and with him expired the hopes 
and spirit of his army. With him they won, without him they 
lost. 

This was a battle of the hour, that is, it was not thought 
out on paper beforehand. It was a battle of Regiments and 
Brigades. The Confederate Army flushed with their victory 
of the previous day, came up on the morning of the second 
day's fight feeling sanguine that they would crush the Union 
Army, cross the Tennessee river, and re-possess the capital 
of the State. On the other hand the Union Army being re- 
inforced by Buell's Command, went into the battle on the 
second day also sanguine of success; hence the fighting was 
fierce and bloody; never did men do more for that flag than 
did those who fell here in its defense; never did men do more 
for their country than did you who survive. All honor to the 
men behind the guns. All honor to the brave men of the Sev- 
ent3'-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. All honor 
to the memory of Colonel Stumbaugh who led the regiment 
through the fight, and all honor to him who succeeded in com- 
mand, that man who never knew a fear, Colonel Rose; here he 
sits to-day, looking young and vigorous in his 76 years. Com- 
rades, behold him! 

As we dedicate this beautiful monument to the dead, let 
us dedicate ourselves to the living, that from our lives the 
youth of our land may learn lessons of patriotism that shall 
be as lasting as eternity, so that the generations to come 
after us shall see that this Government of the people "shall 
not perish from the earth." So that they will not allow that 
flag — the flag that is so near to our hearts — to be dishonored. 
For the balance of our lives let us live for our God, our 
country and our fellowman. There are not many of us left, 
only about three hundred of the Seventy-seventh Regiment 
are left. Many times did we answer to Roll Call on this 
sanguinary field, let us so live as that when the Roll is called 
up yonder "We'll be there." Let us remember that he lives 
most who lives best. Let us cultivate patriotism and engraft 



58 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

it into the hearts and minds of our children and all others 
who are subject to the touch of our influence. The love of 
country is a virtue that should dominate every American 
heart and life. Let us cherish and promote patriotism. 

It is said that Mary, Queen of England, sometimes called 
the bloody Mary, was greatly in love with the city of Calais, 
she had great trouble with it during her reign. It was some- 
times in possession of England and, sometimes in possession 
of France. When she was on her death bed she heard that 
the city had been taken by Napoleon and burned to ashes. 
She raised herself up in bed much to the surprise of her 
maids and, pointing with her bony finger to her heart, she 
said to her maids, "When I am dead, look and you will find 
Calais written on my heart." 

Let us so love our country — our fair broad America — that 
when we are dead our friends will find America written on 
our hearts. 



ADDRESS. 



General J. P. S. Gobin. 



M 



R. CHAIRMAN, COMRADES, LADIES AND GENTLE 
MEN: "After hearing all these eloquent words of wis- 
dom and words of patriotism, I will not take up much 
of your time, either as a Comrade or as a member of the Na- 
tional Guards of Pennsylvania. There are, however, thoughts 
that come to me upon this occasion, to which it may be fitting 
to give utterance. 

This was a peculiar field and a desperate battle. More his- 
tory has been written about it than about any other field. 
There have been more controversies about this battle than 
about any other that was waged. Therefore, when I see this 
monument of Pennsylvania here, I am more than gratified. 

This battle was called by someone "the tournament of 
death." It was the source of much contention immediately 
after the fight and ever since. Grant contended that he was 



Dedication of Monument. 59 

not surprised, that he had exhausted the Confederate army, 
and could have defeated them on the second day upon the ar- 
rival of Lew Wallace. The Confederate Army of the Mis- 
sissippi contended that Grant was defeated, and that his army 
would have been captured on the second day. Buell appar- 
ently coincides with the views of the Confederates as to this 
contention. 

The 77th Pennsylvania was here on the new line of the 
second day. Both sides seemed to retire after the first day's 
fight. It is singular, that but three minor commanders 
thought of fortifying their positions, or preparing for further 
fighting. Nelson built lunettes for one battery, but there 
were no entrenchments erected. 

This was the heaviest and most sanguinary engagement 
of the early war. Though Grant had captured Fort Donel- 
son, and a Confederate army, this was the first decisive battle 
of any magnitude. If the Mississippi had been opened up at 
that time, there is good authority for saying, that Lincoln 
was prepared to accept peace then, without any reference to 
slavery. If Corinth could have been occupied, and the Con- 
federate lines broken there, it is probable that there would 
have been concessions and peace. 

Halleck for some reason, was displeased with Grant after 
Uonelson. He was probably doing too much fighting for him. 
At all events he suspended him from command and placed 
General C. F. Smith, an able officer, in command of an ex- 
pidition to capture Corinth, a very important strategic posi- 
tion. Smith met with an accident and was disabled. This 
position, however, had been selected by him as a rendezvous 
of troops and the point from which to operate against Cor- 
inth. 

After the accident to General Smith, Grant was placed in 
command but with orders from General Halleck to await the 
arrival of Buell before attacking. This delay enabled the 
Confederates to concentrate an army at Corinth. General 
Beauregard came from Richmond to assist General Johnston 
in an offensive campaign, which was well planned and if sue 
cessful, would have produced great results. This plan was. 
first to wipe out Grant and then Buell and march to the Ohio, 
transferring the war into the northern states. This was pre- 
5 



60 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

vented by the determined fighting of the Union troops on this 
field. 

It was largely a regimental fight. There could be and was 
not any proper concerted action on our side. Prentiss was 
attacked at daylight and the first information which as- 
tounded the North was that this Division had been captured 
at i) o'clock. We now know that he fought all day until with 
overpowering numbers in front, flank and rear, he surrendered 
at about 5.30 P. M. It is also known that Beauregard wanted 
to retire to Corinth and postpone the action because he be- 
lieved the Confederates had apprised the Union army of their 
approach and it would be- impossible to surprise them. 

It might also be called a fight of the rank and file. Our 
troops were absolutely new. They had never been under fire; 
they did not expect to be attacked. The object of their con- 
centration was to march on Corinth and capture it, which they 
could have done without difficulty up to the middle of March. 
They got there after Halleck took command, at the rate of 
three-quarters of a mile a day. 

This was a very sanguinary fight. We boast of Gettysburg 
and of the troops on both sides there, but they were veterans 
under able officers. They, as here, were all Americans. Id 
that respect these battles remind me of the story told of the 
battle of Dundee, waged between the English and the Boers. 
An able writer, preparing a history of that fight, made an ex- 
haustive study of it. He found that there were no English 
and no Dutch engaged in it, but only Irish on both sides. 

Grant with 33,000 men was badly outnumbered. The Con- 
federates had 43,698 men at Mickeys on Friday night. The 
desperation of the fighting was most intense. The loss of 
some commands were very heavy. The Sixth Mississippi lost 
300 out of 476. In the first day's fight Cleburne lost 1,013 out 
of 2,700. and on Sunday he had only 800 left. The Twelfth 
Iowa lost four more than they took into the fight (Laughter), 
because a number came out of the hospital after the fight be- 
gan. Nine out of fifteen brigade commanders engaged, were 
killed or wounded, and 53 regimental commanders out of 61 
were killed or wounded here on the Union side. 

Considering the ground, and that the troops were new and 
unused to warfare, the result is surprising. It was a sur- 



Dedication of Monument. 61 

prise on both sides. It was a surprise to our side to be in a 
fight. The other side was surprised at our good fighting. Of 
course, some ran. That nearly always happens. One man, 
when stopped and asked why he ran, explained that he ''ran 
because he could not fly." (Laughter). Some ran very fast 
too, like the man who had picked up some sweet potatoes. 
He built a fire and was roasting them, when the fight started. 
He picked up his hot potatoes and put them in his pocket. 
During the fight he tried to eat one. It was too hot. He put 
it back in his pocket. Then he became scared and ran away. 
After running ten miles he stopped and tried again to eat 
one, but he had run so fast that it was still too hot to eat. 

But the fight is over. Its purposes are accomplished. 
Through the fighting of these men the whole world is satis- 
fied that Uncle Sam is a pretty big person. As an English 
statesman predicted at the time, if the North and South get 
together, in forty years, there will not be a gun fired in the 
world without their permission. His prophecy has come 
true. We are now a great world power. Uncle Sam has in- 
deed become a pretty big fellow. It takes a number ten hat 
to fit his head. 

These things were necessary to prepare us for our future 
greatness, and to make us ready to properly discharge our 
great world duties. 

It cost immense sums of money, and thousand of valuable 
lives, caused immeasurable suffering in all parts of the Na- 
tion, but to-day, under God's Providence, the scars are being 
healed, and, when the future historian prepares a correct 
history, on no field will he find more material for earnest 
thought, than upon this ground of Shiloh. 

After the exercises a regimental group was photographed 
in front of the monument. Then all were driven over the 
field to the various points of interest until evening. Many 
were greatly interested in the fine specimens of mound build- 
ing on the bluff of the Tennessee river a short distance be- 
yond the extreme left of the Union line of battle. Quite a 
cluster of these prehistoric erections are here enclosed within 
the original surrounding earthworks. Some have been 
opened, yielding many human bones, one perfect skeleton of 
a sitting man of unusual size, fine pottery and other relics. 



62 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

The veterans all appeared to be much pleased with their 
visit, and greatly admired their beautiful monument. They 
left Pittsburg Landing at six o'clock in the evening of Novem- 
ber 12, 1903, on the steamer Clyde, as they had come, a home- 
ward-bound, happy party of veterans, with hearts full of 
gratitude to the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, that 
had so honored their battle days and deeds. 



Dedication of Monument. 



63 



Roster of Survivors of the Seventy-seventh Regiment ol : Pennsylvania 
Volunteers, who, under the Act of Assembly, applied for, and were fur- 
nished Transportation by the Stale, to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., and 
return, to attend the Dedication of the Monument at Shiloh on November 
12, 1903. 




Acker, Edward Sergt., 

tAngermiller, Henry, j Private, 



♦Anderson, Robert Private, 

Albright, Jacob, Private, 

Bivens, William, Private, 

Buchens, John C, Private, 

Brine, Jesse Private, 

Black, Samuel D., ■ Private, 

•Brauff, Sidney J Captain, 

Cramer, Samuel Private, 

Childers, Randell Corp., . 

Cooper, Nelson T Corp., . 

Cox, Daniel W Private, 

Diggins, Jesse i Private, 

Duganne, Peter S., Private, 

*Daugherty, Geo. W. , j Private, 

Davis, Samuel T ! Captain, 

Eckels. Asa, Private, 

Private, 
Private, 
Private, 
Private, 



Evans, David E 

Evans, Joseph T., 

Gilliland, David R. P., . 

*Green, David, 

Hill, Joseph C Private, 

Houck, McKenzie Private, 

Hahna, John H., Private, 

Houghtelin, Wm. D., Sergt., 



§Heiserman, H. D. Private, 

Holt, James, Private, , 

Heller, Geo. W Corp., .. 

Herr, Mahlon P, Private, , 

Isenberger, Jacob Corp., 

Itinger, Samuel H [Private, 

Jordan, Thomas, Private, 

*Jones, Richard L (Private, 

♦Johnston, James W ' Lieut., . 

Johnston, Jacob Musician, 

Kraus, Juhn G. Private, 

Krebs, Henry P., : Sergt., 

Kreps, John W. Captain, 

Kautz. James Private, 

Keeler, Samuel Private, 

Lohr, Alexander Private, 

fLewis, Edward T Private, 

Lowry, David Lieut., 

Long, Henry H Corp., .. 

*Lortz, John Private, 

McNally, Michael Captain, 

McCracken, Lorenzo, Private, 



B, 

A, 
B, 
K, 
F, 
C 
E, 
C, 
E, 
C, 
A, 
D, 
I, 
A, 
B, 
C, 
G, 
E. 
E, 
B, 
C, 
F, 
E, 
F, 
B, 
B, 

D, 
C, 
I, 
K, 
K, 
C, 
K, 
E, 
F, 
Band, 
B, 
C, 
B. 
K, 
B, 
D, 
K, 
B, 
C, 
A, 
C, 
K, 



123 S. Highland Ave., Pittsburg, 

Pa. 
Delk, Franklin Co., Pa. 
Parnassus, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 
103 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa. 
Well's Tannery, Fulton Co., Pa. 
Lititz, Lancaster Co., Pa. 
Roulette, Potter Co., Pa. 
Emlenton, Venango Co., Pa. 
1335 Penn Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 
1307 25th St., Altoona, Pa. 
Hopewell, Bedford Co., Pa. 
1329 E. Manor St., Columbia, Pa. 
1013 N. Front St., Harrisburg, Pa. 
Broad Top, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
Hoboken, Allegheny Co., Pa. 
Newport, Perry Co., Pa. 
Lancaster, Pa. 
Sandy Lake, Mercer Co., Pa. 
Kane, McKean Co., Pa. 
1626 Forbes St., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Roaring Springs, Blair Co., Pa. 
Enid, Fulton Co., Pa. 
S76 Miami St., Akron, Ohio. 
New Grenada, Fulton Co., Pa. 
Mount Oliver, Allegheny Co., Pa. 
Box 68, Oakmont, Allegheny Co., 

Pa. 
Wichita, Kansas. 
Huntingdon, Pa. 
237 Boas St., Harrisburg, Pa, 
I'.it'i N. 6th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Lancaster, Pa. 
Altoona, Pa. 

Pitcairne, Allegheny Co., Pa. 
131 Maple Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Webster's Mills. Fulton Co., Pa. 
Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa. 
Knoxville, Allegheny Co., Pa. 
220 Shady Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 
1100 Allegheny Ave., Allegheny, Pa. 
315 N. Market St., Lancaster, Pa. 
523 Sylvan St., Braddock, Pa. 
616 South Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 
658 E. Main St., York, Pa. 
72S Maryland Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Mount Joy, Pa. 
Chambersburg, Pa. 
1621 Master St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
536 N. 3d St., Columbia, Pa. 



04 



Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Roster of Survivors — Continued. 




McGiffin, John, 

McLaughlin, Robt. J. 



Michael, David, 



Makinson, Charles, 

Moore, John 

Miller, Edward B., .... 

Manning, William 

•Mulholland, Geo. B., . 
Mulholland, James C. , . 
*Nunemacher, Amb. W. 
tOlmstead, Stephen, .. 

Port, William D 

Porter, Julius, 

Pollock, George 



Pontz, Jacob 

Prentice, William J. 

Quinn, Henry 

Rose. Thomas E., .. 



Reacherd, Geo. W. , 

Row, Jacob, 

Row, Jeremiah 

Ramsey, Samuel S., 
Rhoads, Joseph E., 

Ruggles, Joseph, 

tSkinner, George W., 
Shuler, Samuel M., 
Stimmel, Joseph W. 
*Sill, George P., .. 



Sharp, William J. 



Stevens, Jacob 

tStimeling, Jacob, . 
♦Stanton, Campbell, 
*Smith, James C, .. 

*Shultz, Henry, 

Swartz, George W., 

Sturgis, Nathan, ... 

Sites, Jacob 

Shure, Jacob D. , — 
Sherk, Christian G., 

*Vote, Lewis 

*Wilkins, George W. 
Wagner, Reuben, 
•Wagner, Jesse W., 
*Wilson, Samuel H. , 



Private, 
Private, 



McGowen, George S Sergt. 

Miller, Samuel M Private, 



Wise, John V Private, 



Private, . 

Private, . 

Corp 

Lieut., .. 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Corp 

Lieut., .. 
Private, . 
Private, . 
Col., 

Private, . 
Private, . 

Corp 

Sergt., .. 
Lieut., .. 
Private, . 
Captain, . 
Musician, 
Private, , 
Corp. , 

Private, . 

Private, . 
Private, . 
Sergt.. .. 
Private, , 
Private, . 
Private, 

Sergt., . 

Sergt., . 

Musician, 

Private, 

Private, 

Musician, 

Private, 

Private, 

Sergt. , . 



A, 
A, 
A, 
A, 
I, 
C, 
A, 
Band, 
T, 
B, 

H, 

C, 
C, 
D, 
C, 
K, 
E, 

K, 
A, 
Band, 
C, 
B, 
Band, 
I, 
C, 
C, 



16 Grace St., Pittsburg, Pa. 
220 W. Allen St., Mechanicsburg, 
Pa. 

71S N. 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa. 
6203 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
South Gibson, Susquehanna Co., 

Pa. 
60S S. Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 
217 W. 3d St., Chester, Pa. 
Mulberry, Clermont Co., Ohio. 
Mount Joy, Pa. 
3308 Ward St., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Bellwood, Blair Co., Pa. 
2225 N. 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa. 
390 Parsonage St., Pittston, Pa. 
Pine Grove Mills, Centre Co., Pa. 
New Bedford, Lawrence Co., Pa. 
New Wilmington, Lawrence Co., 

Pa. 
Lancaster, Pa. 

209 Ninth St., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Cottage, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 
2427 West North Ave., Baltimore, 

Md. 
Rouzerville, Franklin Co., Pa. 
Rouzerville, Franklin Co., Pa. 
Rouzerville, Franklin Co., Pa. 
112", ^Vashington Ave., Tyrone, 
1201 N. Second St., Harrisburg, 
Newry, Blair Co., Pa. 
Scotland, Franklin Co., Pa. 
Liverpool, Perry Co., Pa. 
Port Royal, Juniata Co., Pa. 
125 Beltzhoover Ave., Pittsburg, 

Pa. 
Box 44. New Bedford, 

Co., Pa. 
Petersburg, Huntingdon 
Dimmsville, Juniata Co. 
Box 266, Pittsburg, Pa. 
Coalport, Clearfield Co., 
24 Montour Way, Pittsburg, Pa. 
R. F. D. 5, Volant, Lawrence Co., 

Pa. 
Lititz, Lancaster Co., Pa. 
Rouzerville, Franklin Co., Pa. 
Liverpool, Perry Co., Pa. 
Mount Joy, Pa. 

7530 Hamilton Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. 
Mercersburg, Franklin Co., Pa. 
714 Capitol St., Harrisburg, Pa. 
Lixerpool, Perry Co., Pa. 
P. O. Box 101, Alexandria, Hun- 
tingdon Co., Pa. 
633 High St., Lancaster, Pa. 



Pa. 
Pa. 



Lawrence 



Co., 
Pa. 



Pa. 



Pa. 






Dedication of Monument. 
Roster of Survivors — Continued. 



65 



Name. 


X 


>. 

a 

p. 

1 
o 


Residence. 




Captain, .. 

Sergt 

Private, .. 
Private, .. 
Private, .. 


F, 
F, 

F, 

c, 
c, 




Willett, William H. 






Hollidaysburg, Blair Co., Pa. 
Patterson, Juniata Co., Pa. 
207 Sixth St., Newport, Perry Co., 
Pa. 



•Not present at the Dedication. Did not use the transportation furnished them. 

tUsed transportation only to Chattanooga, Tennessee and return. 

JUsed transportation only to Johnsonville, Tennessee and return. 

§Did not get to Shiloh, joined the party on their return, on the Tennessee river. 



Members of the 77th Pennsylvania Volunteers who were present at the 
Dedication of the Monument at Shiloh, but who were not furnished Trans- 
portation by the State. 



Name. 


X 

a 
d 


>> 

c 

a 

1 
o 


Residence. 




Lieut 

Captain, .. 

Sergt 

Sergt 


c, 

F, 
K, 

c, 


Hennessey, Oklahoma. 






Lancaster, Pa. 

Greenville, Hunt Co., Texas. 



(66) 



HISTORY 



Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania 



VOLUNTEERS. 



By John Obreiter, 

President 77th Perm. Reg't. Association. 



1905. 



(68) 




PRINT: JULIUS BIEN a CO. NEW YORK 



COL.F.S.STUMBAUGH. 



CHAPTER I. 



Recruiting for the Regiment — Camp Slifer — Camp Wilkins — Kentucky — 
Camp Nevin — -Company K — Re-organization of the Army — General 
Buell in Command — Munfordville — Division moves to aid General Grant 
at Fort Donelson— Countermarch — Bowling Green — Nashville. 



ON the first day of August, 1861, Frederick S. Stumbaugh of 
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, received authority from 
the War Department to raise a regiment to be composed 
of one company of artillery and eight companies of infantry. 
He began recruiting at once. The companies for the regiment 
were recruited in the counties of Allegheny, Erie, Franklin, 
Fulton, Huntingdon, Lancaster and Luzerne. Thus the cen- 
tral, northern, eastern, southern and western parts of the 
State were represented in this regiment. 

A general rendezvous was established at "Camp Slifer," 
Chambersburg, so named in honor of the Hon. Eli Slifer, then 
Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pursuant 
to orders, the regiment left "Camp Slifer" on October 6, 1861, 
and went by rail to Camp Wilkins at Pittsburg, Pa., where it 
was organized, armed, equipped and mustered into the United 
States' service on the eighth day of October, 1861. It was 
thereafter known as the Seventy-seventh Regiment of Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers. 

Frederick S. Stumbaugh was chosen Colonel. Peter B. Hou- 
sum, of Chambersburg, Pa., who had recruited about one 
hundred men, for the artillery company was made Lieutenant 
Colonel, and Stephen N. Bradford, of Luzerne county, was 
commissioned Major. 

Charles F. Muehler, of Erie, brought about sixty men to 
Camp Wilkins for the artillery company. These men were 
consolidated with Honsum's men into one company, of which 
Charles F. Muehler was chosen Captain. The regiment at 
this time had one company of artillery and six companies, viz: 
A. B. C. D. F. and G. of infantry. It was assigned to the 

(69) 



70 Seventy-seven Ih I'< inisylvania Regiment. 

Negley brigade, which included the 77th, 78th and 79th Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers and was commanded by Brigadier Gen- 
eral James S. Negley, of Pittsburg. 

The Regiment, Colonel F. S. Stumbaugh commanding, left 
Camp Wilkins on Frida.y, October 18, 1861, and embarked with 
the rest of the brigade the same evening, on steamboats on 
the Monongahela river, and went down the Ohio river. Dis- 
embarking at Louisville, Kentucky on Tuesday morning the 
22d, they marched through that city to Camp Oakland. On 
Wednesday, the 23d, the regiment struck tents, marched to 
the L. and N. depot. The train started at 4 P. M., and arrived 
at McCook station, 51 miles from Louisville at midnight. 
Late as it was, the tents were pitched in the woods. On the 
morning of the 24th, the troops moved to an open field near 
Nolin creek. To the new location the name Camp Nevin was 
given. Here they were kept industriously at work learning 
military by daily drills. 

Meanwhile Frederick S. Pj^fer was recruiting a companj 7 at 
Lancaster, Pa., which place he left, on October 30, 1801, for 
Camp Wilkins at Pittsburg. There his men were armed and 
equipped. On November 10 they were started for Louisville 
on the steamer Argonaut. On the 11th orders came to pro- 
ceed down the river as rapidly as possible, to Guyandotte, 
which place had been attacked by a force of the enemy. The 
recruits, however, arrived too late to take any part, but just 
in time to see the repulsed enemy retiring in the distance. A 
large part of the town had been fired and was burning fiercely 
when the boats with reinforcements arrived. On the evening 
of the 12th, Captain Pyfer's command arrived at Louisville, 
reaching Camp Nevin the next evening by the Louisville and 
Nashville Railroad. As this company had been recruited for 
the 70th Regiment, the men refused to go into any other, and 
were therefore not mustered into the 77th until December 8 
as Company K of that regiment at Cam]) Negley, to which 
place, about two and one-half miles south of Camp Nevin, the 
brigade had been moved about the last of November. 

During November an important reorganization of the army 
occurred. New departments were created and commanders 
assigned. The troops in Kentucky were designated the Army 
of the Ohio, and General Don Carlos Buell placed in com- 



hi Kentucky. 71 

inand. The following order was issued by the War Depart- 
ment: 

Headquarters of the Army, 

Adjutant General's Office, 
Washington, November 5), 1861. 

(General Orders No. 97.) 
The following departments are formed from the present departments of 
the West, Cumberland and Ohio: 

4. The Department of the Ohio. To consist of the States of Ohio, 
Michigan, Indiana, that portion of Kentucky east of the Cumberland river, 
and the State of Tennessee: to be commanded by Brigadier General D. C. 
Buell; headquarters at Louisville. 

In pursuance of this order General Buell assumed command of this 
Department on the 15th of November. He re-organized the army under 
his command into six divisions, and numbered the brigades from one to 
thirty-seven. 

First Division to be commanded by Brigadier General George II. Thomas. 

Second Division to be commanded by Brigadier General A. McD. McCook. 

Third Division to be commanded by Brigadier General O. M. Mitchell. 

Fourth Division to be commanded by Brigadier General Win. Nelson. 

Fifth Division to be commanded by Brigadier General T. L. Crittenden. 

Sixth Division to be commanded by Brigadier General T. J. Wood. 

By virtue of this new organization. General McCook issued these orders: 

Headquarters Second Division, 

December 3, 1861. 

(General Orders No. 32.) 

I. A new organization is hereby announced in pursuance of orders from 
the General commanding the Department of the Ohio. 

II. This command will be styled the Second Division, and consist of the 
following brigades, regiments and companies: 

Brigades. 
Fourth Brigade, Brigadier General L. II. Rousseau. 

Fifth Brigade, Brigadier General T. II. W 1. 

Sixth Brigade, Brigadier General R. W. Johnson. 
Seventh Brigade, Brigadier General James S. Negley. 

Brigade < Organization — Fourth Brigade. 
First Ohio, Col. B. b. Smith, 
Filth Kentucky, Col. H. M. Buckley. 

Sixth Indiana, Col. T. T. Crittenden. 

1st Battalion, 15th U. S., Maj. John H. King. 

1st Battalion, 19th U. S., Maj. John H. King, 



72 Seventy-seven tli Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Fifth Brigade. 

29th Indiana, Col. John F. Miller. 

30th Indiana, Col. Sion S. Bass. 

34th Illinois, Col. E. N. Kirk. 

77th Pennsylvania, Col. F. S. Stumbaugh. 

Sixth Brigade. 

15th Ohio, Col. Moses R. Dickey. 
49th Ohio, Col. Win. II. Gibson. 
32nd Indiana. Col. August Willich. 
39th Indiana, Col. Thomas J. Harrison. 

Seventh Brigade. 

1st Wisconsin, Col. J. C. Starkweather. 
38th Indiana. Col. B. F. Scribner. 
78th Pennsylvania, Col. Win. Sirwell. 
79th Pennsylvania, Col. II. A. Hambright. 

III. The following commands will he under the immediate control of the 
General commanding: 

1st Kentucky Cavalry, Col. Buckner Board. 
Battery A. 1st Ohio Artillery, ('apt. C. S. Cotter. 
Battery A. 1st Kentucky Artillery, Capt. D. C. Stone. 
26th Pennsylvania. Capt. Chas. F. Muehler. 

By command of P.KIGADIER GENERAL McCOOK. 

DANIEL McCOOK, 
Captain and Asst. Adjt. General. 

Pursuant to this order, Muehler's battery was permanently 
detached from the Seventy-seventh, and made an indepen- 
dent battery on December 4 1861. 

Early in December the army prepared to march, and on the 
ninth, General McCook issued orders to advance. Next morn- 
ing the Sixth Brigade moved toward Munfordville, situated 
on the north bank of Green river on the Louisville and Nash- 
ville Railroad. That night it encamped at Bacon creek. One 
hundred men from the 32d Indiana were sent forward twelve 
miles to the river and occupied the town. The Confederates 
retired as the Union troops approached. The entire Sixth 
Brigade and trains arrived on the twelfth. The railroad 
bridge across Green river, at this point, bad been destroyed. 
Fortunately a pioneer corps of about forty men, all mechanics, 
was attached to the 32d Indiana. They were provided with 



/// Kentucky. 73 

proper tools and had wagons, built with water-tight bodies to 
serve ;is pontoons with which small streams could be readily 
and quickly bridged. Within thirty-six hours these men, by 
working constantly, day and night, constructed a temporary 
bridge across the river, which served until replaced by regular 
and more substantial pontoons. 

On December twelfth, the remaining brigade of the Second 
Division moved to Bacon creek. On the seventeenth they 
marched to Munfordville, when within four miles of that town 
the sounds of battle reached their ears. From the irregu 
larity of the firing it was for sometime uncertain whether it 
was target practice or an actual engagement with the enemy. 
Ere the firing had ceased all the troops reached the town, 
where they learned the true nature of the case. The Seventy- 
seventh was just in the act of erecting their tents, when the 
long roll sounded, calling them into line of battle. A sharp 
engagement was in progress on the south side of the river, 
between a part of the 32d Indiana and a body of Confederates, 
but by the time the other regiments reached the river the 
enemy had been completely routed. This fight was called 
the battle of Rowlett's Station. 

The camp at Munfordville was called ('amp Wood, in honor 
of the father of General T. J. Wood, commander of the Fifth 
Brigade, who resided in the town. While there the Seventy- 
seventh exchanged their old muskets for Belgian rifles, a much 
better arm. These were much heavier than the Springfield 
rifles and came from Liege, Belgium. Especially because of 
their great weight the transition from Liege to siege was 
easy, and the men promptly dubbed their new arms "siege 
guns." 

Captain Henry W. Derby joined the regiment in Kentucky, 
early in December, 1801, with a small body of men, recruited 
in Luzerne county. While with the 77th they were known 
as Company H. Their number was too small to constitute 
a complete company and they were consequently, never fully 
organized as such. Their officers resigned early in April, 
1862. Others were appointed to take their places. In this 
condition the men remained with the regiment for several 
months, participating in all its marches and duties, until the 
company was finally disbanded. Some of these men remained 



74 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

with the regiment as late as November, 1862. The balance 
joined other companies, and the 77th saw the last of old Com- 
pany H, and once more consisted of only eight companies. 

On December twenty-fourth, General Wood was ordered to 
Bardstown, Kentucky, and Colonel Edward N. Kirk, of the 
34th Illinois, succeeded him in command of the Fifth Brigade. 

On the eleventh of February, the Third Division arrived 
and camped on the south bank of the river. On the 18th it 
moved southward toward Bowling Green. That day the camp 
was all excitment. The most active preparations were made 
for a movement. Troops, clothing and equipment were thor- 
oughly inspected. All who were sick and unfit for duty were 
sent to the general hospital. About nine o'clock that even- 
ing marching orders came. The men did not know their desti- 
nation, but all was delight and enthusiasm, any change being 
welcome. 

On the 10th the men were roused early to prepare for the 
march. The night had been intensely cold and stormy, freez- 
ing the ground hard. The weather was the coldest yet ex- 
perienced in Kentucky. Tents were struck, wagons loaded 
and the march northward began. Soon after the column had 
started, news came that our army under General Grant had 
attacked Fort Donelson on the Cumberland river, and that 
the battle was then in progress. The effect of this news upon 
the men was almost magical. They inarched more rapidly 
from their eagerness to get there in time to take a hand in 
the fight. That night the command stopped at Upton, four- 
teen miles north of Munfordville. Owing to the bad condi- 
tion of the roads the trains were unable to reach them, and 
the men had to lie upon the frozen ground without covering 
other than the blue vault overhead. The night was clear and 
very cold. The ground froze hard. The men tried to keep 
comfortable by burning the ''top rails" of the fences. Orders 
had been issued to burn only the top rails of fences, but they 
did not restrict the boys, as they soon discovered that there 
were always 1<>p rails so long as any part of the fence was left. 

Early on the fifteenth the report of the attack on Fort Don- 
elson was confirmed, but the forward march was not resumed. 
On the contrary a bitter disappointment came at one o'clock 
in the shape of orders to countermarch. Fort Donelson had 



In Kentucky. 75 

been attacked and captured without the assistance of the 
Second Division. 

On the 15th, the division encamped at Bacon creek. The 
next morning they were early on the move and happy because 
informed that their destination was Bowling Green and Nash- 
ville. They arrived at Bell's Tavern, a station of the Louis- 
ville and Nashville Railroad, late on the evening of the sev- 
enteenth. Here the men were put to work repairing the rail- 
road and clearing a tunnel, which the enemy had partially 
filled. Bell's Tavern was the station nearest to the Mam- 
moth Cave, and all who could took advantage of the oppor- 
tunity to visit this great natural wonder. 

On the 23d, the division marched twenty-seven miles to the 
Big Barren river, and encamped opposite to Bowling Green. 
As usual the bridge across the river had been destroyed, and 
had to be rebuilt. On the 24th, Colonel John F. Miller, of 
the 29th Indiana, returned from sick leave, and, because of 
seniority in rank, superseded Colonel Kirk in command of 
the Fifth Brigade. 

The movement south began again on the 26th, when the di- 
vision crossed the river in boats, and bivouacked on the south 
bank. The following day the march was resumed, and camp 
was pitched that night near Franklin, Kentucky, twenty-one 
miles from the river. On the 28th the command marched 
twenty-two miles, about seven of which were through fields 
and on railroads, as the turnpike had been ploughed up in 
order to retard the progress of the Union Army. As the 
wagons could not keep up with the marching column of troops, 
the men were on very short rations, each receiving only a very 
small piece of soft bread during the entire day. On the first 
of March, fourteen miles were covered before breakfast to 
Camp Negley, at the railroad junction, ten miles north of 
Nashville. Here the boys were supplied with abundant ra- 
tions, and had a glorious feast, making up for the privations 
of the previous day. On March second, the troops were early 
on the move, and encamped that night, near Edgefield, on the 
north bank of the Cumberland river, opposite Nashville. The 
following night was spent at Camp Johnson, five miles south 
of the city. 

On the ninth the long roll was sounded in consequence of a 
6 



76 tSeventy-seventJi Pennsylvania Regiment. 

spirited skirmish on our picket line with a force of Confeder- 
ates. In it the Seventy-seventh had four men wounded and 
one officer, Captain Phillips, of Company G., who was struck 
by one bullet in the hand, another went through his coat and 
a third struck his sword scabbard. A number of the enemy 
were seen to fall, but their loss could not be ascertained, as 
they carried all their dead and wounded away with them in 
their flight. The next night another attack was made on 
the Union pickets, but no damage was done. 







GEN.D.C.BUELL. 



print: juuusbien a co new york 



The Battle of Shiloh. 77 



CHAPTER II. 



Pittsburg Lauding — Battle of Shiloh — Company E joins the Regiment — 
Siege of Coriuth — March across Alabama — Battle Creek. 



ON March twelfth, the division marched to Franklin, Ten- 
nessee, the Seventy-seventh being the rear guard. The 
bridge across the Harpeth river, at this point, was saved 
from destruction by the advance column of cavalry, who ar- 
rived as the enemy were about to set fire to it. Next day the 
column reached Rutherford creek, where it was again delayed 
long enough to build a bridge across that stream. On the 
twenty-second the division arrived at Columbia only to find 
the bridge across the Duck river destroyed. The pioneer 
corps of the 32d Indiana were at once put to work rebuilding 
it. On the twenty-ninth, Colonel Miller was ordered to other 
duty, and was succeeded in command of the Fifth Brigade by 
Colonel E. N. Kirk. 

The bridge across Duck river having been completed, the 
division, on March 31st, was ordered to march. Crittenden's 
and Nelson's divisions had, two days previously, moved for- 
ward toward Savannah, Tennessee, to there join the forces 
under General Grant, preparatory to a united attack upon the 
enemy. Their progress was slow as the roads were in bad 
condition, being either very rough or very muddy, and in some 
places, almost impassable. This weary march was continued 
until the morning of the sixth day of April, 1862. The column 
was then twenty-two miles from Savannah. The day was 
bright and clear. The sun's rays were rapidly drying the 
roads and the men rejoiced at the propect of a bath that night 
in the Tennessee river. 

Suddenly, just after leaving camp, booming cannon were dis- 
tinctly heard in the distance. All the line was attention. 
"Hark, what's that?" "Boom! Boom! Boom." "It must be a 
battle, why don't we get orders to hurry on?" "We will be 
too late to take part in the fight." The orders came in due 
time. As the column moved forward, a courier came riding 



78 Seventy-seven tit Pennsylvania Regiment. 

hastily up, bearing orders to "take an extra supply of ammu- 
nition, and hurry forward as rapidly as possible; take only 
ammunition and ambulance trains." The roar of artillery was 
heard throughout the entire day. Responsive to these 
sounds, the men, almost unconsciously stepped out more 
briskly. The last fourteen miles to Savannah were made by 
the Seventy-seventh almost entirely at double quick, or on 
the run. The Fourth Brigade arrived at seven o'clock in the 
evening, and the Fifth, Kirk's, one hour later. 

That night brought with it a heavy thunder storm. During 
the entire night rain poured down in torrents. The men had 
to stand in the streets without any shelter whatever, and had 
the greatest difficulty in keeping their powder dry. They 
themselves were most thoroughly soaked, which made their 
condition extremely miserable. 

PITTSBURG LANDING. 

At four o'clock, on the morning of the seventh, the Seventy- 
seventh, with twenty-one officers and 483 enlisted men, a total 
strength of 504 rank and file, together with the rest of the bri- 
gade embarked on steamers, reaching Pittsburg Landing at 
seven o'clock. In 1862 two small log houses contained the en- 
tire population of Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, which lies 
eight miles south of Savannah, Tennessee, on the west bank of 
the Tennessee river. High bluffs, at this point, confine the river 
both north and south of the Landing, where steamboats 
stopped occasionally to land or take on passengers or freight. 
From the landing a dirt road ran through a deep ravine in 
the bluffs, to the country back of the river, the soil of which 
is a stiff, tenacious clay, almost impervious to water. There 
were none but dirt roads which, in wet weather, became 
almost impassable and which were at all times utterly so for 
heavy hauling. The country was thickly overgrown with tim- 
ber, full of dense underbrush. There were a number of clear- 
ings under cultivation. About two and one-half miles from 
the landing stood the small log Methodist meeting house 
called Shiloh Church, from which this battle took its name. 
This church was on the main road to Corinth, Mississippi, 
twenty-two miles distant from Pittsburg Landing. 

On this ground, within a radius of two miles and three- 




PRINT: JULIUS BIEN 8 CO. NEW YORK 



GEN.A.M C D. M c COOK. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 79 

quarters, Grant's entire army was encamped, when it was un- 
expectedly attacked on the eventful Sunday morning, the 
sixth of April, 1802. During that day's terrible fight the 
Union forces were driven steadily back, until the Confederates 
had reached a point within six hundred yards from the land- 
ing itself, when fortunately, night put an end to the conflict. 

As the boats drew near the shore, men crowded the banks 
of the river, preparing to jump aboard, as soon as the vessels 
got near enough for them to do so. Guards, with fixed bay- 
onets had to be stationed all along the gunwales to keep this 
mob of frightened and demoralized soldiers off the boats. It 
was estimated that there were fully 8,000 of these skulkers 
hiding behind the bluffs along the river, near the landing. By 
this crowd the disembarking regiments w r ere greeted some- 
what after this fashion: "Oh! you'll catch it when you get over 
the hill there!" "I pity you fellows, you'll never come back 
again," etc. The replies, if any, ran thus; "How do you 
know?" "You don't say so?" "You cowards!" "Fall in here!i 
This Regiment is a good one, and will not run away!" "Come 
on!" 

Crittenden's and Nelson's Divisions had arrived previously 
and were already in position, some of Nelson's men having 
helped to repel the last Confederate onset of the night before. 
In addition to these the Second Division, McCook's, arrived 
as before stated early in the morning. These three divisions 
were all of BuelPs army that participated in the battle until 
just at its close, when Wood's Division arrived and the 21st 
Brigade took part in driving the enemy from their last stand. 

The line of battle, as formed on the morning of the seventh, 
was, from right to left, as follows: General Lew Wallace, Gen- 
eral W. T. Sherman, General McClernand, General Hurlbut 
and General McCook, General Crittenden, with General Nel- 
son on the extreme left. Upon the arrival of General Wood, 
late in the afternoon, just at the close of the battle, his troops 
were placed to the left of McCook, and immediately to the left 
of the 77th to close up the gap in the line there existing, be- 
tween the left of McCook and Crittenden's right. 

By order of General McCook, General Rousseau moved his 
brigade to the front at six thirty o'clock in the morning, and 
formed his line to the right of Crittenden's Division, and to 



80 Seventy-seventh ^Pennsylvania Regiment. 

the left of Hurlbut's and McClernand's. The attack upon the 
enemy by our right and left divisions was almost simultane- 
ous. It is impossible to say whether the first shot fired that 
morning came from the Union right or left. Our men steadily 
pushed the Confederates back, until halted by General Buell 
at the close of the battle. General Nelson's Division, on the 
extreme left, having advanced too far, thereby exposing his 
right flank, Crittenden was moved up in prolongation of Nel- 
son's line. About half an hour later Rousseau had formed 
his line, Kirk's Brigade reached the front, and was placed 
in reserve to Rousseau, with the 34th Illinois and the 30th In- 
diana in the front line, and the 29th Indiana and 77th Penn- 
sylvania in the second line in reserve. Rousseau, having ex- 
hausted his ammunition, was relieved by Kirk's Brigade, all 
except the 77th Pennsylvania. 

General McCook, being assured that the enemy had ceased 
their efforts on the right of his line and was preparing to turn 
his left, ordered the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania to the ex- 
treme left of the division to repel the assault being made at 
that point. The regiment moved over an open field, and tak- 
ing its position at the point indicated, immediately engaged 
the enemy. At this time the conflict along the whole line be- 
came terrible. While in this field the regiment repelled two 
separate cavalry charges, driving the enemy back with con- 
siderable loss, and farther on it cleared the woods of a lot of 
sharpshooters, who were picking off the officers in both Mc- 
Cook's and Crittenden's divisions. 

From this time, till the close of the battle, the Seventy-sev- 
enth was completely isolated from the rest of the division, 
having been sent to the left to prevent the Confederates 
breaking through the large gap or interval between McCook 
and Crittenden. While here alone, the regiment charged a 
Confederate battery and captured two of its guns. Leaving 
the captured guns in its rear, it pushed on, compelling the rest 
of the battery to leave the field. Just at the close of the fight, 
it had the pleasure of capturing Colonel Battle, of the 20th 
Tennessee Infantry. He had lost his horse and could not 
keep up with his men who were being driven rapidly back. 
When he found escape impossible, he picked up a rifle and 
fired three shots at Major Bradford, before he could be over- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 81 

hauled. The 20th Tennessee belonged to the Third Brigade 
of Breckinridge's Corps, which formed the rear guard of the 
retreating Confederate army, and consequently were the last 
of the enemy to leave the held. 

The regiment also captured a considerable number of en- 
listed men, but as there was neither regimental nor brigade 
report on this battle, therefore, the number of such prisoners 
is not of record and cannot be accurately given. 

During this battle the regiment carried into effect every 
order given to it, and performed all its duties in a manner 
satisfactory to its superior officers. An additional most grat- 
ifying feature is the fact that its loss was so very slight, only 
three men killed and seven wounded. Colonel Kirk, after be- 
ing seriously wounded, remained on the field during the day, 
but was then obliged to relinquish the command of the bri- 
gade to Colonel Stumbaugh, of the Seventy-seventh Pennsyl- 
vania. As Lieutenant Colonel Housum had been left sick at 
Nashville, the command of the regiment devolved on Major 
Bradford. 

In this connection extracts from General Sherman's and 
General McCook's official reports may be appropriate. The 
former says, in part; "I am ordered by General Grant to give 
personal credit where it is due, and censure where I think it 
merited. I concede that General McCook's splendid division 
from Kentucky drove back the enemy along the Corinth road, 
which was the great central line of this battle. There Beau- 
regard commanded in person, supported by Bragg's, John- 
ston's and Breckinridge's divisions." 

McCook says in part: 

Being now satisfied that the enemy had changed his point 
of attack from the right to my extreme left, I ordered Colonel 
Stumbaugh's Seventy-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- 
teers to take a position on my extreme left, and repel the 
assault there being made. He immediately engaged them, 
and at this moment the conflict along the whole line became 
terrible. Colonel Kirk's Brigade was now ordered to engage, 
and arrived precisely at the right moment, as the cartridges 
of Rousseau's Brigade were all expended. General Rous- 
seau's brigade fell back through openings made in Kirk's 



82 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ranks, and retired to the woods in the rear to be supplied with 
ammunition." 



Further on in his report he says: 

"Colonel Stunibaugh with the Seventy-seventh Regiment 
Pennsylvania Volunteers early in the action, being ordered to 
watch the enemy on my left, was at a later period ordered 
to engage. His regiment, partially isolated from the rest 
of the division, moved steadily over an open field in its front 
under a heavy fire. While here, the enemy's cavalry charged 
this regiment twice, but were each time repulsed with heavy 
loss. Colonel Stumbaugh had the satisfaction of receiving 
the sword of Colonel Battle, of the 20th Tennessee who sur- 
rendered as a prisoner." The regiment had advanced to a 
point in the woods within sight of and east of Shiloh Church. 
Colonel Battle was the highest in rank of any Confederate 
prisoner taken at Shiloh. After his capture and at the close 
of the battle the division was withdrawn to a point near the 
Landing, and there bivouacked for the night. The men got 
no rest, however, as there was an almost continuous down 
pour of rain during the entire night, and all were without 
shelter of any kind whatever. On the ninth the command 
was moved out, about three miles from the river, for a better 
camping site. The following day another short move was 
made for better ground. Here the men built small bark huts 
to partially shelter themselves from the elements. The nights 
were very cold, and, as they had neither blankets nor over- 
coats to protect them, they suffered intensely. On the fif- 
teenth, to the great joy of the men, the baggage and wagon 
trains arrived. Tents were speedily erected, but almost im- 
mediately orders came to take them down again, and move off 
the battlefield to better ground. The following day there 
was a decided change for the better. The temperature rose 
rapidly, the weather becoming very pleasant, so that over- 
coats were not needed. 

While here the command suffered severely from sickness, 
occasioned by exposure and the unwholesome surface water 
which the men were obliged to use. From this time until 
May ten, when the command arrived near Farmington, it was 
constantly engaged in reconnaissances and regular camp 



Siege of Corinth. 83 

duties. Occasionally the picket lines would be attacked, but 
a few return shots would always put the enemy to flight. 

Captain William A. Robinson arrived at Pittsburg Landing, 
Tennessee with Company E., on the evening of May 2, 1862, 
and on the following day, marched about twelve miles south 
to join the regiment, which was actively engaged there in the 
movement upon Corinth, Mississippi. On May 8th, one hun- 
dred men of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, under Cap- 
tain Rose, and one hundred of the 29th Indiana, under Cap- 
tain Davis, were sent out to build a bridge across Seven Mile 
creek. They were attacked about nine A. M. by a superior 
force of the enemy. After a spirited resistance, they com- 
pelled the foe to retire and then continued their work until 4 
P. M., having lost one killed, three wounded and one captured, 
all of the 29th Indiana. The enemy had at least four killed 
and one captured. The number of their wounded could not 
be ascertained, as they were borne along in the retreat. On 
the ninth the command moved four miles toward Farmington. 

On the 10th, by special orders from General Buell, the Sec- 
ond Division was designated as the reserve of the centre of 
the army before Corinth, as a special mark of distinction be- 
cause of its eminent services in the battle of Shiloh. The 
actual siege of Corinth began on the seventeenth of May. 
The policy was to approach and intrench. This plan of opera- 
tion seemed slow, but was actually rapid and sure. The ob- 
ject was to reduce the place with the least possible sacrifice. 
The enemy's works were constructed upon a position of great 
natural strength. Any attempt to carry them by surprise 
or force, even if successful, would necessarily result in great 
loss to the assailants. By heavy fighting the lines were con- 
stantly carried forward by both the right and the left wings. 
As soon as a position was gained it was intrenched. Thus 
the flanks of our army closed in upon Corinth. When the 
flanks were secured the center advanced and intrenched. 
This first line of intrenchments was about four miles from 
Corinth. The siege from now on was conducted with great 
activity. At all hours of the day there was cannonading and 
musketry fighting on sonic parts of the line. Before the end 
of the siege, this fighting, although sometimes very severe 
and long continued, became so common and frequent that it 



84 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

excited no alarm and attracted very little attention except 
from those immediately engaged. On the 20th the division 
moved to the front and bivouacked inside the line of intrench- 
ments. On the 27th it was ordered forward to drive the 
enemy from the Hamburg-Corinth road, and gain possession 
of Bridge creek, a small stream which ran through a deep 
morass and across the road. This was accomplished with a 
loss of four men wounded. On the night of the 28th, the regi- 
ment worked on the intrenchments close to the Confederate 
works. All work had to be done there without any noise, and 
no loud talking w T as permitted. On the morning of the 30th 
the enemy was surprised by a new line of intrenchments 
which had sprung up during the night, almost under their 
noses. That morning the army was early on the move 
towards Corinth, but without meeting the enenrv. Suddenly, 
about six o'clock, a roaring was heard that, at first sounded 
like the discharge of heavy guns. These heavy reports were 
quickly followed at short intervals by others. Soon dense 
volumes of smoke became visible. "What's that?" exclaimed 
the men. "They are 'skedaddling.' and destroying what they 
cannot take along." All was soon made clear. The regiment 
speedily came in sight of the works of the enemy and found 
them evacuated. The Seventy-seventh's Hag was the first 
Hag of the center division that was planted on those works. 
After going over them, arms were stacked for a short rest. 
The Confederate camps were all deserted, their tents still 
standing. The boys in blue were soon among them, picking 
up mementos of all kinds, among which were large numbers 
of homemade knives, of all shapes and sizes. The enemy had, 
apparently, left in great haste, as much camp equipage was 
left behind. In some places was found kneaded dough ready 
to bake into biscuits. In many Dutch ovens biscuits were 
baking, baked or burnt. Kettles of meat hung over the fires, 
some cooked, others not yet done. Everything indicate'd a 
hasty departure, without even taking time to eat their break- 
fast before leaving. On their outer works were mounted 
numerous "Quaker guns" (logs with ends painted black to 
imitate cannon) with dummy gunners as harmless as the guns 
beside them. 

At the point where the 77th entered the hostile works was 



In Alabama. 85 

a blue uniform, stuffed with straw, suspended by the neck 
from the limb of a tree, with a card on it marked General Hal- 
leek. While the regiment was there, the General and his 
Staff rode up. Some one direeted his attention to the effigy, 
but he, having other matters to attend to, rode on. Thus 
ended the siege of Corinth. 

On June nine, General Buell received orders to proceed 
toward East Tennessee, the objective points being Chatta- 
nooga, Knoxville and Dalton, and to repair the Memphis and 
Charleston Railway and hold that line as he advanced. The 
march east began on June tenth. The column moved steadily 
forward, receiving its supplies as it reached the chief points 
of communication with the north — Tuscumbia, Florence, 
Athens and Huntsville, Alabama. In this latitude the 
weather was now excessively warm, and the' roads deep with 
dust. On June eleventh, Iuka, Mississippi was reached. It 
was a pretty little town with some famous mineral springs 
and large hotels, indicating clearly that it was a favorite re- 
sort for the pleasure or health seekers of the Southland. 
Here the command remained for some days. On the 15th, it 
camped on a high bluff, along the banks of the Tennessee 
river, opposite to Florence, Alabama, at the point where Gen- 
eral Andrew Jackson crossed, with his army, in 1812. The 
place is still called Jackson's Ferry. 

On the 22d the division crossed the river, and passing 
through Florence, camped about one mile east of the town. 
On the 24th, it marched ten miles, and on the 25th, nineteen 
miles, fording Shoal and Sugar creeks. Owing to the intense 
heat, the command Avas obliged to lie over during the middle 
of the day. . On the 26th, with a temperature of 125 degrees 
in the shade, the men marched eleven miles, fording Elk river. 
The twenty-seventh was too hot for marching. While in 
camp in the woods, a horse race was arranged by some of the 
officers of the brigade. It gave rise to a dispute, which ended 
in a sw 7 ord duel between a Captain and First Lieutenant of 
the Seventy-seventh. They, with their seconds, repaired to 
a secluded spot in the woods to have it out, but, somehow 7 , 
the affair leaked out. and a guard w r as sent .after them to 
arrest both offenders. But the guard came too late. The 
fight was on when they arrived, one having already received 



86 Seventy-seven Hi Pennsylvania Regiment. 

a sword cut on the head, and the other a cut on one arm. 
Both were placed under arrest. That evening the command 
passed through Athens, having marched eight miles. The 
following day's inarch to Indian creek was fourteen miles. 
While camped here some of the boys celebrated the "Fourth 
of July," ''Independence Day," as best they could, making 
speeches and singing patriotic songs, the writer himself en- 
joyed a plate of Indian creek turtle soup. Huntsville was 
passed on the fifth, and next day the command marched fifteen 
miles, forded Flint river, and camped at Hurricane creek. 
During the night quite a panic was caused in camp by stam- 
pedes among the mules, which occurred three different times 
during the night. Each time the men scattered in every di- 
rection, some getting behind trees. All thought that the 
enemy's cavalry was attacking. Xo one was injured. The 
next night's bivouac was thirteen miles farther east at Paint 
Rock creek. Here was found a large spring, pouring forth 
most excellent water, which at some former time, had been 
utilized to drive a mill, the ruins of which were still there. 

On the eighth, Larkinsville was reached after a fifteen mile 
tramp. The next day the command passed through Scotsboro 
to Bellefonte, twelve miles more. On the tenth another 
twelve miles were covered, fording two creeks. On the four- 
teenth, the entire division was reduced to half rations in con- 
sequences of a raid of Confederate cavalry to Murfreesbor 
ough and the destruction of the railroad there. On the eigh- 
teenth, camp was left at 3 A. M., passing through Stevenson 
and Bolivar, the division halted near the mouth of Battle 
creek. The camp was located at the foot of a huge moun- 
tain from the top of which the enemy's camps were in plain 
view on the south side of the Tennessee river. While in 
camp here the 77th picketed the north side of the Tennessee, 
while the Confederate picket line extended along the south 
side of the river. The lines being in plain view of each other, 
frequent conversations, across the river, were held by the 
boys in blue with those in gray. 

The second division was the only one as far east as Battle 
creek. The other divisions of Buell's army were at different 
points all along the line of the Memphis and Charleston Rail- 
road, and at other places in the rear where the presence of 



Battle Greek. 87 

troops was necessary. Half rations were continued during 

the whole stay of the Division in the camp at Battle creek. 
The amount issued was really very little more than one-fourth 
rations, as most of the articles allowed by army regulations 
were missing' entirely. Only coffee, sugar, hard bread and 
meat, with occasionally, a few beans or peas, were issued in 
half allowance. The amount issued being barely enough to 
sustain life. To prevent the men going out foraging and to 
keep them in camp, an order was issued on July 25, providing 
for a roll call every two hours, during the day. Good spirits, 
however, prevailed among the men. Some of them, in a jocu- 
lar way, headed their letters "Camp Starvation, at the foot 
of Mount Misery, Tennessee." 



88 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



CHAPTER III. 



Bragg moves Northward — Buell follows — Louisville, Kentucky — Re-organi- 
zation of the Army — Fern Greek — Claysville — Frankfort— Lawrenee- 
burg — Capture of Convalescents and Quartermasters — Scarcity of Water 
— Perryville. 



ON the twentieth of August it was reported that the Con- 
federate army, under General Bragg, had crossed the 
Tennessee river, at or near Chattanooga, and was mov- 
ing northward, aiming probably at Nashville. This placed 
the Army of the Ohio on the defensive by threatening its en- 
tire line of communication with the north. This was a vital 
matter as the army was already almost without supplies. 
The country was destitute of corn and other grain, and even 
fodder could be secured by foraging in only very small quan- 
tities. Under such circumstances, the only safe plan was to 
withdraw the army from the line of the Memphis and Charles- 
ton Railroad and the Tennessee river, and concentrate at some 
point to the north, and there strive to hold Nashville and pro- 
tect the line of communication. 

Therefore, pursuant to orders issued on the twentieth, the 
Second Division, at eight o'clock in the evening, began its 
march. Not a bugle, drum, cheer or noise of any kind was 
heard. Very cautiously, in the stillness of the night, they pro- 
ceeded to Battle creek, covering the bridge at that point with 
cornfodder to deaden the sound of the men crossing on it. 
Evidently they were about to execute some coup, to surprise 
the enemy and. take Chattanooga. Meanwhile the hostile 
pickets just across the river, ever watchful though they were, 
never dreamed of the departure of the Union army. But the 
column had barely started when it was halted to lie on its arms 
lor the night. At daylight it moved up the valley and 
bivouacked for the night, about Jasper. The next morning 
at five o'clock the troops were again in motion, the men still 
thinking that they were bound for Chattanooga. After 
marching about three miles they were halted and ordered to 
countermarch over the Cumberland mountains. Naturally 



Battle Creek. 89 

the troops were extremely disappointed. llere the moun- 
tains arc rugged and rocky, layer upon layer they lie rough 
and steep, almost perpendicular at many places, and practi- 
cally without roads over them. Up these heights the artil- 
lery and heavy trains must be taken. 

Whole companies were placed at the wagons, cannons and 
caissons. It was pull, push and put shoulders to the wheels. 
In some instances they had to be lifted up bodily. When the 
ascent had been very nearly accomplished, and the men had 
already begun to rejoice that their arduous labor was nearly 
ended, another bitter disappointment came in the shape of 
orders to face about. For what purpose they did not know. 
It was very discouraging to have to work so hard to get can- 
non and wagons up the mountains, only to bring them down 
again. But the latter task was easier, while difficult enough 
to accomplish in safety, it was easier to bring them down 
than to carry them up. 

The descent was finally accomplished and the command, 
reaching the valley about ten o'clock at night, bivouacked at 
Battle creek, not far from the old camp ground. All were 
greatly discouraged at this. Three days had been taken up 
with the hardest possible work and marching, and all to no 
purpose, so far as the men could then see or learn. 

Bragg's army had crossed the Tennessee river, and was 
moving northward up the Sequatchee valley, precisely where 
General McCook had intended moving with his command. To 
keep on, and, with a single division, cross the mountains, risk- 
ing an attack by the whole Confederate army, was not to be 
thought of. To remain in the mountains was equally unsafe, 
as Bragg had force sufficient to capture McCook's whole divi- 
sion, upon learning the whereabouts of the Union forces. 
Therefore the latter pursued the only seemingly safe course 
in returning to Battle creek, where they might keep advised 
of Bragg's movements, or follow after and hasten to form a 
junction with the main Union army at some point in his rear. 

McCook resumed his march on the 23d, crossing the moun- 
tains at Altamont. On the 29th, the command was entirely 
without supplies. General J. W. Sill took command of the 
division on the 26th. On September fifth, the command ar- 
rived at Murfreesborough where the greater part of BuelPs 



90 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

army was bivouacked. It was evidently the intention of 
General Bragg to make Nashville his first point of attack, he 
was however, most effectually frustrated in that design by 
the rapid concentration of the Union army at that point, by 
the eighth of September the entire Army of the Ohio had 
reached the city, and it was then secure against any at- 
tempts of the enemy to capture it. Consequently he moved 
northward to invade Kentucky, crossing the Cumberland river 
at Carthage, several miles east of Nashville. General Negley 
was left with a garrison sufficient to hold the city, while the 
remainder of the army pushed forward toward Louisville, 
Kentucy. Forced marches, sometimes both day and night 
were the order, the men subsisting almost entirely on green 
corn, and the supply of even that was very scant. At Bowl- 
ing Green, on the fifteenth the men received a small allow- 
ance of supplies. Bragg was then at Glasgow, about thirty 
miles north, but Buell was gaining on him rapidly. 

Captured despatches revealed Bragg's intention to push 
on to and try to secure possession of Louisville. In the mean- 
time he had attacked the garrison at Munfordville, and com- 
pelled it to surrender. The prisoners were paroled and sent 
south to meet Buell's advancing army. They passed the Sev- 
enly-seventh at Bell's Station. On the nineteenth, Bragg's 
army had reached Bardstown, where his entire force was con- 
centrated. Meanwhile Buell hastened to Louisville, at which 
place his entire army arrived between the twenty-fifth and 
twenty-seventh. The Seventy-seventh arrived on the twenty- 
sixth. 

At last there were prospects of a short rest, after the long 
and weary march. From the twentieth of August to this 
time, the army had marched, sometimes both day and night, 
subsisting upon what could be found in a country, over which 
both armies had passed and repassed, and over roads, cov- 
ered deep with dust, under a scorching sun, bivouacking at 
night under the open sky without any shelter, in all kinds of 
weather, rain, clear or stormy. Yet the men endured all 
these hardships and privations, without fault finding or 
grumbling. Their entrance into Louisville was greeted with 
joy and delight by the citizens who vied with each other in 
doing everything possible for the soldiers. While marching 



Louisville, Kentucky. 91 

through the streets they were given all along the line provi- 
sions and water, and cheerily greeted on all sides with "God 
bless yon." They felt thai they had. indeed, again reached 
"God's country," and the land of plenty. Dirty, ragged, bare- 
footed and footsore after a long and weary march of 350 
miles, they were mad* 1 happy by the warm welcome of the 
people of Louisville. 

From September twenty-fifth to October first, Louisville pre- 
sented a scene of the greatest activity. Great numbers of 
troops, enrolled under the call for 300,000 additional men, 
issued in July by the Persident, were encamped all around 
the city on both sides of the Ohio river. They had been 
rallied there to prevent the city falling into the hands of 
Bragg's army. To this great mass of men was added the vet- 
eran Army of the Ohio. Hungry, ragged and begrimed with 
dust they had just completed one of the most remarkable 
marches recorded in history. Still full of spirits and life, 
and ready for any duty to which they might be called, this 
great army was estimated to number 100,000 men. They had 
to be fed, clothed, and to a great extent, newly equipped. 
Again provisions had to be made to subsist this host on the 
forward move, which was soon to occur. Everything neces- 
sary had to be provided, and properly distributed. 

It became necessary also to reorganize the army. This 
was effected by dividing it into three corps, each of which was 
in reality a complete army in itself, with all the branches — 
artillery, cavalry and infantry. General McCook was placed 
in command of the First Corps, or left wing, composed of 
three divisions, one of which was the second, the Seventy- 
seventh being in the Fifth Brigade, Second Division. The 
brigade organization remained unchanged. General Critten- 
den was assigned to the Second Corps, or the left wing, and 
General Gilbert to the Third Corps, or the center Army of 
the Ohio. 

On September twenty-ninth. Colonel E. N. Kirk, who had 
been seriously wounded at Shiloh, having fully recovered from 
his injuries, returned and was directed to resume command 
of his old brigade. His return was hailed with joy by all his 
men, by whom he was greatly beloved. Colonel Stumbaugh, 
who had command of the brigade during Kirk's forced ab- 
7 



92 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

sence, rejoined, and again took command of the Seventy sev- 
enth. On September thirtieth, the army was ready to again 
advance against the enemy, whose forces were still at Bards- 
town. On October first the movement began over the Bards- 
town, Frankfort and Lebanon pikes. The Second Division 
was in advance on the Frankfort pike, the Fifth Brigade lead- 
ing the division with the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and 
the Thirty-fourth Illinois in front. 

The enemy was encountered within five miles of Louisville, 
and skirmishing commenced, continuing intermittently until 
the command reached Fern creek, on the east bank of which 
their cavalry was posted in force. Their pickets were at- 
tacked by the Union cavalry, forced back upon their main 
body and held in check until the Seventy-seventh Pennsyl- 
vania and Thirty-fourth Illinois came to the relief of the 
Federal cavalry. Advancing rapidly, the infantry opened 
fire and after a short time forced the Confederates from their 
position. The Union line advanced steadily, pressing the 
enemy back until their retreat became a rout. The brigade 
pursued them for a distance of three miles, but were unable 
to overtake them. Then Colonel Kirk ordered Captain Ed 
garton to open with his battery, though the distance was a 
full half mile. The firing was very effective and greatly has- 
tened the enemy's departure. The cavalry then drove them 
two miles further. A large quantity of ammunition fell into 
Kirk's hands. 

The column moved on through Boston, Simpsonville and 
Shelbyville, at which latter place the troops were greeted as 
warmly as they had been at Louisville. On the third of Oc- 
tober the column resumed its march toward Frankfort. Gen- 
eral Sill ordered Colonel Kirk lo make a reconnoisance ten 
miles to the front. When about three miles from Shelby- 
ville, Kirk encountered the enemy's outposts of cavalry, who, 
upon his approach, fell back, from point to point, toward 
their main body, with scarcely any resistance. At Clay Vil- 
lage, six miles from Shelbyville, Colonel Kirk, at ten o'clock 
A. M.. learned that a force of Confederates, consisting of two 
regiments of cavalry and a brigade of infantry with four 
pieces of artillery were in line of battle about two miles from 
his front. The men were halted to fill their canteens and 



Clay Village. 93 

then ordered forward. The cavalry was directed to advance 
and feel the enemy. The Thirty-fourth Illinois was formed 
into a skirmish line to the right and left of the turnpike. 
Edgarton's battery was stationed and the other regiments 
of the brigade were placed in position. These dispositions 
had just been completed, when the enemy's cavalry came 
dashing down toward the Union lines. Colonel Kirk ordered 
his artillery and skirmishers to open upon the enemy, who 
were rapidly advancing, and were, by that time, within easy 
range. For a time the Confederates dauntlessly pushed on 
until close to the Union line, a large portion of which now 
concentrated its Are upon them. For a while they stood the 
tire bravely, but not long. First their line wavered. Then 
it gradually fell back. Soon the shells from Edgarton's bat- 
tery falling among them so rapidly, sent them back in the 
wildest confusion. Kirk was anxious to pursue farther, but 
his instructions allowed him to advance to Clay Village only, 
and reconnoiter a short distance beyond. Having driven the 
enemy four miles beyond that point, it was clear that to go 
farther would be a violation of his orders. The enemy ad- 
mitted a loss of forty-two, seven killed, nineteen wounded 
and sixteen missing, the latter, two lieutenants, one color 
sergeant and thirteen privates fell into the hands chiefly of 
the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania. The loss in Kirk's bri- 
gade was three wounded. 

After this engagement, the command returned to Clay Vil- 
lage, and bivouacked there for the night. On the following- 
day it returned to near Sholbvville. On the sixth it passed 
through Clay Village, Hardinsville and Bridgeport to Frank- 
fort, the capital of Kentucky. On that evening the command 
camped on the west bank of the Kentucky river. Bridges 
at this point had been destroyed by the enemy, causing some 
delay in moving the troops across the river, which was. how- 
ever, accomplished on the seventh. The division then moved 
through the town and out on the Georgetown pike. It was 
ascertained that the Confederate forces, under E. Kirby 
Smith, had moved in another direction, and had crossed the 
Kentucky river at Salvisa. Thereupon, on the evening of the 
seventh, the division recrossed the river, and w r ent toward 
Lawrenceburg. After the latter place had been passed the 



94 Seventy-seventii Pennsylvania Regiment. 

enemy harassed the Federal column all along the line of 
march. At times they nearly succeeded in cutting off the 
wagon trains. Water was very scarce and hard to get. Can- 
teens were nearly all empty. More than once five dollars 
offered for a single drink of water were refused. The intense 
heat added greatly to the discomfort of the troops, yet that 
day they marched twenty-nine miles. 

When in September the army left Bowling Green, moving 
northward, there remained behind some seventeen hundred 
wagons containing all the extra baggage and camp equipage 
of the army. This immense wagon train some two weeks 
later proceeded to Louisville, where it arrived on the fourth 
day of October, where the contents of the wagons were stored 
and the wagons formed into trains, to furnish supplies to the 
army then advancing on the enemy. The different sections 
of these trains were placed in charge of the quartermasters. 
Some of the quartermasters of the Second Division made ap- 
plication for permission to each take a wagon containing his 
personal effects, official papers and books, and move forward 
to join the command then at Frankfort. Their request was 
granted. They started on the seventh. On the eighth about 
noon they passed Dumont's division, and learned that Gen- 
eral Sill, with the Second Division, had left Frankfort that 
morning, moving towards Lawrenceburg. They followed 
after the Division. Learning that a Confederate force had 
been seen that day in the direction they were going, they sent 
word back to Dumont's command and asked that an escort 
be sent with them to guard the wagons until they could join 
their own division. Such escort was promised them, but it 
failed to materialize. 

They then pushed on toward Lawrenceburg, where they ar- 
rived that evening at about nine o'clock, only to learn that 
the Second Division had passed through that forenoon and 
had a fight with the enemy, who were repulsed. The divi- 
sion had then marched toward Salt river. The train followed 
until about ten P. M., finding they were near the river, though 
not yet in sight of the troops, they halted for the night in a 
field surrounded by woods. The whole party consisted of 
nine quartermasters and quartermaster sergeants, one major 
(Bradford) two line officers, and forty-three convalescents re- 



Capture of the Quartermasters. 95 

turning to their regiments from the hospitals. Early the 
next morning they were tired upon from the woods in the 
rear. This was a very rough reveille, but it made them get up 
in a hurry. Not seeing any enemy they thought the shots 
came from a few Confederate scouts who might be hovering 
around. They then very leisurely hitched up their teams, after 
which they resumed their march. The convalescents were 
disposed by Major Bradford, of the Seventy-seventh Penn- 
esylvania as train guards. Soon after entering the woods, 
the train was fired upon from the left. A portion of the 
guard, under Captain McClellan, of the Thirty-ninth Indiana, 
was deployed into the woods to defend it from attacks as it 
passed along the road. They soon reached Salt river over 
which they passed on a covered bridge, amidst a shower of 
bullets. In the meantime nearly all the skirmishers were 
warmly engaged, one man, a private of the Thirtieth Indiana 
was severely wounded. The train then halted, for upon a hill 
some distance to the front, was a large force drawn up in 
line of battle. This force consisted of infantry, artillery and 
cavalry, and, as a great many were in blue uniform, it was 
thought to be General Sill's command. Soon, however, the 
Confederate flag was caught by the breeze. Then there was 
no more doubt as to who confronted them. The question 
now arose, what can we do? J. E. Cassell, quartermaster of 
the Seventy-seventh, suggested a flag of truce and surrender. 
Then Quartermaster Bailey of the Thirtieth Indiana, being 
the oldest man in the party, consented to go out, provided 
some other person go with him to carry the flag. Sergeant 
Chapin of the Thirty-ninth Indiana undertook to do so. At 
this moment word was brought in that Major Bradford, with 
a part of the skirmishers had been captured, and that the 
enemy was moving on their rear. This made it necessary to 
go forward at once with the white flag. It was soon halted. 
A Confederate officer advanced to receive the flag and very 
little time was afforded Bailey for reflection. He could not 
understand why all this preparation was made to capture so 
insignificant a number. He, however, rightly concluded that 
the enemy was unaware of the small force of their opponents. 
The Confederates probably were under the impression that 
they were surrounding the entire Second Division. Where- 



( JG Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

upon Bailey concluded to keep up this deception until, if pos- 
, sible, he could get favorable terms of surrender. He but- 
toned up his overcoat to conceal his rank. Upon the ar- 
rival of the Confederate officer, salutes were exchanged. 
Bailey in his most dignified manner, said, "Sir, I see that you 
are a Confederate officer," "Yes sir;" was the reply. "Are 
those your troops?" inquired Bailey. "Yes sir;" was again 
replied. "Who are those men in blue on our left?" "They 
are also our troops." "They yours, too! — in blue uniforms!" 
"Yes sir." "Well sir," said Bailey, "those men have deceived 
us, we have been skirmishing with your men for some time 
past, have killed and wouuded some of them, and you have 
wounded some of ours, and we have finally come out to hold 
a parley." "I shall be obliged to report to General Cheat- 
ham, for orders." "Very well, sir," said Bailey. The Confed- 
erate officer went off to headquarters. 

In a short time he returned, accompanied by General Cheat- 
ham. Just then there was firing in their rear, and Bailey re- 
marked, "Sir! your men are firing upon us while we are out 
with a flag of truce, what does that mean?" the General asked 
if there was a flag in the rear, and sent his officer to order 
the firing to cease. When Bailey said "Well General we have 
come out to hold a parley." "What have you to say?" in- 
quired the General. Bailey replied, "We see that you out- 
number us and, in order to save the useless shedding of blood, 
if we can make proper terms we will surrender." General 
Cheatham was very gracious, bowed low, and asked, "What 
are the terms you wish to make?" Bailey replied, "We have 
several quartermasters with us, who have their books and 
papers with them containing their accounts with the Govern- 
ment, and if these officers can retain these documents and pri- 
vate property will be respected, we will surrender." General 
Cheatham said he would be obliged to report to General 
Withers before he could make terms of surrender." What 
shall I tell General Withers is the strength of your force?" 
Bailey replied, "You may say to him our force consists of 
nine quartermasters, one major, two line officers, forty-three 
convalescents and nine army wagons. General Cheatham 
angrily exclaimed, "You are in no condition to dictate terms 
of surrender!" Bailey replied, assuming much dignity, "I do 



Capture of the Quartermasters. 97 

not know about surrendering without suitable terms." 
General Cheatham evidently seeing that he was duped, said 
"Very well, sir; 1 will report to General Withers." He soon 
returned and said, "Sir; General Withers instructs me to say 
that he accepts your proposed terms of surrender, but very 
much regrets that your force is not greater." Whereupon 
the train and prisoners were brought before General Withers, 
who gave directions to his officers to see that the terms were 
strictly complied with. The men were paroled and allowed 
to depart towards Louisville 

It was ascertained that the Confederate force consisted of 
not less than fifteen thousand men, belonging to the command 
of General E. Kirby Smith, who had been ordered to inter- 
cept the Second Division. The enemy had discovered the 
camp of the quartermasters early in the morning, and sup- 
posing it to be the Second Division, completely surrounded 
the camp, with the above result. General Sill had been en- 
camped that night only three miles in advance of the nine 
wagons. During the delay occasioned by the quartermasters, 
he defeated the advance Confederate brigade at Dog Walk, 
and resumed his march, thus escaping this greatly superior 
force of the enemy. 

The capture of the Second Division, which numbered 
scarcely six thousand men, was undoubtedly prevented by 
the delay caused by the stout resistance of these forty-three 
convalescents, and the tact and duplicity displayed by the 
quartermasters. 

On the morning of the ninth there was more or less skir- 
mishing in the front and rear of the column. Many men, on 
account of the heat and scarcity of water fell out of the ranks 
to look for water. Quite a number of these were captured 
by the enemy, who constantly hovered around the flanks of 
the marching column. Company K, of the Seventy-seventh, 
lost four men, captured in this manner. The other companies 
of the regiment suffered less severely. On the tenth the com- 
mand reached Chaplin river in the midst of a heavy rain- 
storm. Water was plenty enough then and easy to get. In 
fact the men had a great deal more than they wanted. 

On the eleventh the division camped upon the battlefield 
of Perry ville, which was the scene of a great conflict on the 



98 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

eighth. A great many dead, both blue and gray, still un- 
buried, strewed the field. Bragg had been beaten, forced to 
retreat and get out of Kentucky. His invasion of that State 
was an utter failure. In the pursuit, the Seventy-seventh was 
always at the front, and faithfully performed all its duties. 
On the twenty-third of October, the regiment passed through 
Bradfordsville. Most of the town had been destroyed by the 
Confederates, because the inhabitants were nearly all good 
Union people. On the following day the division camped 
near Saloma. There, on the twenty-fifth, for the first time 
since leaving Battle Creek on the twentieth of August, the 
wagon trains and camp equipage joined the command. Con- 
sequently the rejoicing was general. For more than two 
months the men had been without shelter of any kind. The 
tents came very opportunely too, for while the men were still 
erecting them, a heavy snowstorm set in. The night was in- 
tensely cold and by the morning of the twenty-sixth more 
than six inches of snow covered the ground, and the streams 
were frozen solid enough for men to walk across on the ice. 

On October twenty-seventh, the command left Saloma, 
passed through Bowling Green on the thirty-first, Franklin, 
Kentucky on November fourth, Tyrce Spring, Tennessee, No- 
vember five, and arrived at Nashville on the seventh. 



Murfreesborough Pike. 99 



CHAPTER IV. 



Buell relieved from command — Rosecrans succeeds him — Reconnoissance 
to Lavergne — Re-orgaiiization of the Army — On to Murfreesborough — 
The Battle of Stone River — Review of the Army. 



War Department, 
Adjutant General's Office, 
Washington, October 24, 1862. 

(General Orders No. 1GS.) 

I. By direction of the President, the State of Tennessee, east of the 
Tennessee river, and such parts of Northern Alabama and Georgia as may 
be taken possession of by United States troops, will constitute the Depart- 
ment of the Cumberland. 

II. Major General W. S. Rosecrans is assigned to the Department of the 
Cumberland. 

III. The troops under the command of Major General Grant will con- 
stitute the Thirteenth Army Corps; and those assigned to the command id' 
Major General Rosecrans, will constitute the Fourteenth Army Corps. 

By order of the Secretary of War. 

L. THOMAS, 
Adjutant General. 

PURSUANT to this order General Rosecrans reached Louis- 
ville and assumed command on October thirtieth, and 
on November seventh, at Nashville, made the following- 
changes in his command: General George H. Thomas was 
given command of the center; General McCook, of the right 
wing, and General Crittenden, of the left wing. The divi- 
sions constituting the right wing were the Second, to which 
the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania was attached, commanded 
by General J. W. Sill; the Ninth Division under General J. 
C. Davis, and the Eleventh under General P. H. Sheridan. 
The Second Division remained in camp at Edgefield on the 
north side of the Cumberland river, opposite to Nashville, 
until November sixteenth. Then it crossed the river and 
moved out the Murfreesborough pike six miles beyond Nash 
ville and encamped there. While there, several reconnois- 



100 Seventy seventy Pennsylvania Regiment. 

sances were made to locate the enemy and find out their in- 
tentions. 

On the nineteenth, Colonel Kirk moved out with two regi- 
ments, the Seventy-seventh being one of them, and two pieces 
of Edgarton's battery. He soon found the enemy and opened 
fire on them, but received no reply. They were driven several 
miles, after which Colonel Kirk returned to camp with his 
command. 

The next reconnoissance of the brigade took place on the 
twenty-seventh, the entire brigade participating, with the ex- 
ception of the Thirtieth Indiana, which was on picket. About 
four miles out the enemy was first encountered. A running 
fight ensued. It was kept up until the brigade reached Lav- 
ergne, which was nine miles from camp, and just midway be- 
tween Nashville and Murfreesborough. Upon the Federal 
approach toward the town the enemy opened a fierce and well- 
directed artillery fire. The first shell passed directly over 
Colonel Kirk's head, the second dropped right in the midst 
of his staff, and others fell around the line, or passed close 
above the heads of the men. Kirk at once directed Captain 
Edgarton to open with his battery. His fire was very rapid 
and accurate, but the Confederates had a decided advantage, 
as their guns were fired from the top of a hill. Consequently 
the recoil would send their guns back below the crest, where 
they could be reloaded in comparative safety. Kirk, in order 
to dislodge the enemy, ordered the Seventy-seventh Penn- 
sylvania and the Twenty-ninth Indiana to move to the left 
and front, with a view to charging the battery from the flank. 

The Confederates soon discovered the nature of this move, 
and hurriedly retired upon their reserves. In a few minutes 
the Federal forces were on the ground the enemy had left. 
Plenty of blood stains w T ere found there, but the killed or 
wounded had all been carried off by their comrades. The 
enemy were driven about one mile farther. Then the bri- 
gade was ordered to return to camp. It did so in good order, 
having sustained a loss of twelve wounded. The command 
reached camp about four P. M., bringing with it three pris- 
oners, who said that they had been under the command of 
General Joe Wheeler. They, however, either could not or 
would not tell the extent of their loss, except that Wheeler 




PRINT: JULIUS Bl EN S CO. NEW YORK 



CO L.E.N. KIRK. 



Advance on Murfreesborough. 1UI 

was wounded in the thigh. Several store and other houses, 
from which shots had been fired at the brigade, were burned. 

On November twenty-ninth, Colonel Kirk was commis- 
sioned Brigadier General. About this time Colonel P. S. 
Stuinbaugh was compelled by ill-health to retire from military 
service. He was honorably discharged on December 7, 1862. 
Pursuant to orders from the Commanding General, General 
R. W. Johnson took command of the Second Division on De- 
cember tenth. 

Another reorganization of the army followed on the nine- 
teenth, by virtue *of these orders: 

"I. The numeration of divisions and brigades, now running 
through the whole army is hereby changed. Divisions will 
hereafter be known as the first, second and third, etc., of the 
center or of such wing. Brigades, as the first, second and 
third, etc., of such division. 

II. Brigades in divisions, and divisions in wings, etc., will 
be numbered from right to left; but in reports of operations 
they will be designated by the names of their commanders." 

The Second Division was, consequently, designated as the 
Second Division, Right Wing, Army of the Cumberland; and 
the brigades as follows: 

First Brigade (formerly Sixth), Brigadier General A. Wil- 
lich. 

Second Brigade (formerly Fifth), Brigadier General E. N. 
Kirk, and 

Third Brigade (formerly Fourth), Colonel H. M. Buckley. 

This was the organization on December twenty-sixth, when 
the march upon Murfreesborough commenced, the announce- 
ment of which was made the previous night. The day dawned 
very drearily. A heavy fog covered the low lands, and dense 
clouds hung overhead. However no order came to check the 
advance. Reveille was sounded all along the lines, rousing up 
the men. In a short time the army wagons were moving 
toward Nashville, to be there safely parked, under the protec- 
tion of the guns of the forts. 

The army moved southward, expecting the enemy to offer 
battle at Stewart's creek, about five miles south of Lavergne 
on the Murfreesborough pike. Therefore the army moved in 
three columns, pursuant to the following instructions: 



102 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

"McCook, with three divisions, to advance by the Nolens- 
ville pike to Triune. 

Thomas, with two divisions (Negley's and Rousseau's) to ad- 
vance on his right, by the Franklin and Wilson pikes, threat- 
ening Hardee's right, and then to fall in by the cross roads to 
Nolensville. 

Crittenden, with Woods's, Palmer's and Van Cleve's divi- 
sions, to advance by the Murfreesborough pike to LaVergne. 

With Thomas' two divisions at Nolensville, McCook was to 
attack Hardee at Triune; and if the enemy reinforced Hardee, 
Thomas was to support McCook. 

If McCook beat Hardee or Hardee retreated, and the enemy 
met us at Stewart's creek, five miles south of LaVergne, Crit- 
tenden was to attack him. Thomas was to come in on his 
left flank, and McCook, after detaching a division to pursue or 
observe Hardee, if retreating southward, was to move with 
the remainder of his force on his rear." 

At six o'clock Davis' Division moved out the Edmonson 
pike with orders to move to Prim's blacksmith shop, thence by 
dirt road to Nolensville. Sheridan at the same time moved 
direct to Nolensville, followed by Johnson with the Second 
Division. The advance struck the enemy about two miles 
out, when skirmishing commenced, which was kept up briskly 
throughout the day. It had rained the entire day, and the 
roads had become very deep with mud and almost impassable. 
The corps camped on the hills, south of Nolensville, for the 
night. At daybreak, on the twenty-seventh, the corps moved 
forward; General Stanley with the cavalry in advance, closely 
followed by the second division. A heavy fog covered the 
whole country, making the movement of troops very difficult. 
After having proceeded about one and one-half miles, a large 
force of cavalry, supported by artillery, was encountered. 
They opened fire on our cavalry, and appeared to be inclined 
to contest the advance. The skirmishing becoming more 
animated, the column pushed rapidly on until, ascending 
higher ground, it was opened on with shot and shell. General 
Kirk took advantage of the cedars along his front, in which 
he posted the brigade, together with Edgarton's battery, 
which opened with every gun upon the Confederate battery, 
and after a short and spirited contest, drove them out of 
range. 



The Battle of Triune. 103 

The third brigade was ordered up, and placed on the right 
of the road. The first brigade was in reserve. The firing in 
front became very spirited, but hazardous, as the fog became 
so dense that it was impossible to see any distance through 
it. Even our own cavalry on the fianks were mistaken for 
the enemy, and fired into by our own men. Before attempt- 
ing any farther advance it was deemed best to await the clear- 
ing away of the fog. After which the division moved for- 
ward in line, skirmishing with the enemy until about four 
o'clock P. M., when it reached high ground, overlooking 
Triune. Here the enemy, in force, was in plain view, drawn 
up in line of battle. 

Our artillery commenced shelling their position. One of 
Edgarton's first shots disabled one of their pieces. The in- 
fantry charged the Confederate batteries, which did not 
await their coming, but tied. The rain now came down in 
torrents, and the pursuit had to be abandoned temporarily. 
An hour later it was resumed, but the enemy had destroyed 
the bridge across Wilson's creek, which runs by the edge of 
the town, compelling the Union artillery to cross at a point 
about one and one-half miles below. The troops pushed on, 
driving the enemy before them, until darkness put an end to 
the conflict. The men bivouacked for the night in the mud 
on the field, without fire or shelter, about a mile south of 
Triune. 

On the twenty-ninth, the right wing moved on the Bolerjack 
road, the second division being in the rear of the corps. The 
third brigade was left temporarily at Triune, for the purpose 
of protecting the right flank of the army. That night was 
very disagreeable, owing to a cold drenching rain. Kirk's 
and Willich's brigades bivouacked near the Salem pike, about 
five miles from Murfreesborough, the men lying on their arms 
in the rear of Davis' division. 

On the thirtieth, McCook formed his corps in line of battle; 
Sheridan's division covering the "Wilkinson pike, with Davis 
in line on his right. Kirk's and Willich's brigades were in 
reserve on the pike. Sheridan and Davis were engaged during 
the day, meeting with some loss, but steadily forcing the 
enemy back. About one o'clock in the afternoon, Kirk and 
Willich obliqued to the right, covering Davis' right, as they 



104 Seventy-seventh PmnsyVoariia Regiment. 

moved into position. It being seriously threatened by the 
Confederate cavalry. Edgarton threw a few shells among 
them, and they retired. Soon after this two hostile batteries, 
on the front of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, opened fire. 
Edgarton replied, opening with all his guns upon the nearest 
one, killing and wounding several of their horses and men, and 
dismounting one of their pieces. They rapidly withdrew, 
with the loss of one of their guns, and two or three caissons. 
His guns were then turned upon the other battery, which, 
too, was soon driven from the field. 

The third brigade (Baldwin's i was ordered up from Triune. 
It joined the division after dark, and bivouacked near John- 
son's headquarters. On the evening of the thirtieth, the left 
of Rosecrans' line of battle rested on Stone river, about three 
miles northwest of Murfreesborough. Thence it extended, in 
a southwesterly direction, fully three miles, to the Franklin 
pike, about two aud three-fourths miles west of Murfreesbor- 
ough, at the point where a dirt road connects it with the Wil- 
kinson pike. Kirk's brigade was formed on the right of 
Davis' right. Willich's brigade was on Kirk's right, on the 
extreme right of the line, facing south. It was thus posted 
in order to protect that Hank. The cavalry was also on the 
right flank. Kirk's picket, or skirmish line, covering his 
front, joined Willich's on the right and Davis' on the left. 
Throughout the night, the pickets observed great activity 
among the enemy, as of a continuous movement on their part 
toward the Union right. This was duly reported to Head- 
quarters. 

At dawn on the morning of the thirty-first, the skirmishers 
of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania saw, in their immediate 
front, the advancing Confederates, who came up in heavy col- 
umns in regimental front and four columns deep, with a 
strong reserve, massed and advancing in their rear. One 
column moved directly against the front of the Seventy-sev- 
enth, the others against the regiments to the right. The 
Seventy-seventh skirmishers opened fire upon the advancing 
foe, as soon as they came within range. They, how T ever, paid 
not the slightest attention to it, but kept steadily on, singing 
as they came. Enough words could be distinguished to in- 
dicate that the song was something about southern rights. 



The Battle of Stone River. 105 

As they reached the last fence, which was less than fifty 
yards in front of the Seventy-seventh's skirmish line, their 
command, "down with the fence," was distinctly heard. After 
crossing that fence line they opened a fire, which, from the be- 
ginning, was very hot. The skirmishers fell back, and the 
regiment advanced to their support, but it was unavailing. 
As the enemy was in overwhelming numbers, the regiment 
was compelled to retire. It did so slowly and in good order, 
though its loss at this point was very heavy. On reaching 
the original Union line of battle, it was found that all the 
regiments to the right of the Seventy-seventh had been struck 
by the enemy, and driven back, so that they were not then in 
sight of the Pennsylvanians. After falling back a short dis- 
tance farther, the regiment formed on the right of Davis' di- 
vision, which was also retiring. A short distance in front, and 
in plain view, could be seen the guns of Edgarton's battery, 
which had been captured by the enemy in their onslaught 
upon the right, early in the morning. Some idea of the fierce- 
ness of the attack can be gained from the experience of the 
picket posts. A single, typical illustration will suffice. Of 
the five men at one of these posts, one was killed, another ser- 
iously wounded in the breast, aud a third was taken prisoner, 
a loss at that post, in a very few minutes, of sixty per cent. 
The remaining two succeeded in reaching their proper places 
in the Union line in safety. The experience of the other 
picket posts was similar to this one. 

Some of the horses of Edgarton's battery had been taken 
to water. Of those remaining with the battery, at the time 
of the Confederate advance, so many were killed and disabled 
by the hostile fire, that the battery became entirely unman- 
ageable and was captured. To the east of Edgarton's guns 
was a Confederate battery in action. Lieutenant Colonel 
Housum ordered the regiment to charge these guns. It did 
so unsupported in good style, driving all the enemy's gunners 
away. The right of the regiment got right in amongst Ed- 
garton's guns, but for lack of horses, were unable to move 
them. Suddenly an overwhelming force of infantry con- 
fronted the regiment, and it was again forced back. The Con 
federate gunners at the same time rallied, and opened upon 
it with all their guns, first with canister, then with grape, and 



106 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

finally with shrapnel and solid shot. The regiment retired 
slowly and in good order. At every puff of smoke from the 
guns, the men dropped to the ground. After the shot had 
passed over them, they would rise, and retire farther. Thus 
the regiment finally passed out of range, but not without con- 
siderable loss. Here Lieutenant Colonel Housum was mor- 
tally wounded by canister, from which he died the following 
day. Here, too, the color-bearer, who had carried the flag 
through the Mexican war, received his death wound, as did 
also numbers of the men. 

The regiment, retiring in a northerly direction, was halted 
upon a slight eminence in the woods, by a mounted officer, and 
ordered to hold that position. They faced about and stood 
still, awaiting the oncoming of the enemy. Troops, in great 
disorder and confusion were streaming northward on all sides 
of the regiment. It seemed to be a case of every one for him- 
self, and the enemy take the hindmost. Amidst all this con- 
fusion, the Seventy-seventh stood still, facing the oncoming 
storm, until ordered by another mounted officer to retire. He 
told us that we would all be captured, if we remained there 
much longer. Then the regiment retired in good order, halt- 
ing on every favorable piece of ground, to give battle until 
it finally reached the Murfreesborough pike, where in the 
woods it found the remnants of the other regiments of the 
division. 

Lieutenant Colonel Housum was the only field officer with 
the regiment in this engagement. After his fall, the com- 
mand devolved by seniority upon Captain Thomas E. Rose, of 
Company B. 

At this point, the special part taken by the Seventy-seventh 
having been just set forth, it becomes necessary to revert 
back again to the beginning of the battle to show how the 
other commands fared. In their original attack, the Con- 
federates moved on the right, so as to completely flank Kirk's 
line, thus rendering his position entirely untenable. On they 
came like a huge, irresistible tidal wave. The Thirty-fourth 
Illinois soon became engaged at close quarters, and, in a 
few moments, lost a dozen killed and five times that number 
wounded. Over its colors the strife was terrible. Five color- 
bearers fell in rapid succession. At last their colors were 




LIEUT. COL. P. B.HOUSUM. 



PRINT. JULIUS B I EN S CO. NEW YORK 



The Battle of Stone River. 107 

handed to one of Edgarton's men, who was mounted, to carry 
to the rear, but he too was shot. Then the flag fell into the 
hands of the enemy. 

The Confederates now rushed upon Edgarton's battery. 
He told his men to save themselves, while he, with one of his 
lieutenants, stood by one of his guns, loading and discharged 
it into the column as il closed upon him, until he was taken 
prisoner. Many of his men refused to leave him, and fought 
the foe with their swords, until they were either killed or cap- 
tured. General Kirk, having lost his guns, hastily withdrew 
his regiments to another position, there to renew the contest 
with the oncoming enemy. He dashed to Willich's brigade, 
which was also suffering heavily from the enemy's fire, and 
appealed for aid. A portion of one of his regiments aided-in 
the new defense. The other regiments, while awaiting orders 
from General Willich, were driven back before such orders 
could be given. The enemy's fire was so heavy that it soon 
threw Kirk's ranks into disorder. He had his horse shot 
from under him at this point. With greatly superior num- 
bers, the Confederates forced the brigade to fall back again. 
Kirk's -second horse was shot under him, and he was himself 
mortally wounded. Willich, too, while trying to rally his 
brigade in support of Kirk, had his horse shot under him, 
was wounded and captured. Back of this point lay a corn 
field and beyond it was a piece of timber for which, in con- 
siderable confusion, the men hastily pressed. 

General Kirk followed for a short distance, but soon, from 
the great loss of blood, his strength failed, and he was borne 
to the rear. Colonel Dodge, of the Thirtieth Indiana, was no- 
tified, and at once assumed command of the brigade. This 
retreat was disastrous to a further unity of action, during 
this fearful struggle. A part of the Thirty-fourth Illinois, 
in its retreat, got mixed up with Willich's men, and was 
carried too far to the right. Many of them were captured 
by the Confederate cavalry on the right flank of the Federal 
troops. Major Dysart, of the Thirty-fourth Illinois, suc- 
ceeded in rallying about fifty of his men, behind a fence, nearly 
a mile in the rear of his former position. He opened fire upon 
some Confederate cavalry, hut finding it impossible to hold 
his position, was compelled to retreat to the Nashville pike. 

8 



10S Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

The Thirtieth Indiana, falling rapidly back to the right 
and rear, halted for a moment at a fence, and then fell back 
farther into the woods. Here it was joined by some of its 
men from its four companies, which had been on picket in 
the morning. They had lost, among others, Major Fitzsim- 
mons, who was captured. Major Buckner reported to Col- 
onel Dodge that the Seventy-ninth Illinois were present and 
ready for duty. Dodge ordered it forward across an open 
field to the right. The regiment was new and this was its 
first battle, but it advanced steadily under a terribly de- 
structive fire. It came on a double quick, formed on the 
right of the Thirtieth Indiana, and at once engaged the enemy. 
General Johnson, seeing the enemy advancing on the remnants 
of the second brigade, where the Seventy-ninth Illinois joined 
it, ordered Colonel Baldwin to move the First Ohio and Sixth 
Indiana on the left of the second brigade. One section of the 
Fifth Indiana battery was posted between these two regi- 
ments. The Fifth Kentucky and Ninety-third Ohio were sta- 
tioned in support. This line was immediately attacked by 
the enemy, and a furious fire of artillery and musketry was 
poured upon it. Here Colonel Read, of the Seventy-ninth 
Illinois was killed, Lieutenant Colonel Dunn, of the Twenty- 
ninth Indiana, was captured, and many others of less rank 
were either killed, wounded or captured. The gallant stand 
was of no avail as the numbers of the enemy were overwhelm- 
ing. The Seventy-ninth Illinois broke first, followed imme- 
diately by the others. With yells and a most withering fire 
the enemy charged upon them, capturing two guns from the 
Fifth Indiana battery. 

General Davis' division to the left next gave way. That 
left but one thing to do; namely, to retreat. Some few hun- 
dred yards to the rear an attempt was made to reform the 
line. Meantime the Confederate artillery were sending shot 
and shell after the retreating and disorganized soldiers. 
Some one gave an order for a further retreat, and the men 
gladly obeyed. On they fled, first at double quick, then on a 
run as rapidly as they could travel. This wild flight was not 
checked until the Nashville and Murfreesborough pike was 
reached. There the men were rallied, and reformed, but their 
number was pitifully small. They were rejoined at the pike, 



The Baltic of Stone Hirer. L09 

sometime later, by the Seventy-seventh, which had, a1 that 
time, almost as many men in line, as the other regiments of 
the brigade combined. 

Simonson placed bis four remaining gnns of the Fifth In- 
diana battery in line, and the brigade, now about five hundred 
g'trong, was ordered to its support. It opened with all ils 
guns upon the enemy j which appeared to somewhal check 
them. A few minutes later they were observed moving to 
the right. General Johnson ordered the brigade to move a 
short distance to the right of the battery, there to await the 
approach of the enemy, who were the same men that had first 
attacked the brigade, early in the morning. On they came, 
as boldly as ever, but this time, the result proved different. 
At this time Van Clove moved a part of his division to the 
left of the second brigade. In another moment one simul- 
taneous fire rolled along this line, cutting down the men in 
gray by scores. The attack seemed to be entirely unexpected 
by them. Their line broke, but was soon reformed and again 
advanced. Then a charge was ordered and the Union line 
rushed forward. The shock was fearful and grand; the 
effects on the enemy terrible. They were driven back with 
bayonets and fled through the woods, across the fields and 
back over the ground, over which, not more than an hour be- 
fore, they had so fiercely pursued these same soldiers of the 
second brigade. Three days later one hundred and seventy- 
nine Confederate dead were buried in this field on the front 
where the second brigade had dealt out to them such havoc. 

The brigade having replenished its ammunition, again 
moved to the front, but, as the Confederates made no further 
attack, it was not again engaged. The right wing was now 
reformed, nearly parallel with the Nashville pike. The Con- 
federate line was several hundred yards west, on its front. 
Thus located, both armies bivouacked for the night, throwing 
up such defensive works as they could. 

Davis' and Sheridan's divisions lost very heavily in this 
fierce battle of the right wing. All of Sheridan's brigade com- 
manders were killed on the field. 

McCook's corps held its new line until the end of the bat- 
tle, and was not again attacked. Most of the heavy fighting 
on the succeeding davs of the conflict occurred on the left. 



110 Seven ty-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Heavy fighting practically ended for the Seventy-seventh with 
the great struggle of the right wing. It was, however, 
greatly annoj r ed, till the end of the battle, by sharpshooters, 
concealed among the trees, about 400 yards in its front. One 
of them proved particularly annoying, until Captain Rose, of 
Company B, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania took a rifle from 
one of his men, and stepped into plain view. The Confeder 
ate fired and missed his mark. Rose fired back, and also 
missed. A second shot from the sharpshooter missed, but, 
as Captain Rose fired again, the Confederate was seen to 
drop out of his tree, to the ground. He was carried to the 
rear by his companions. 

At the beginning of the battle, the enemy's cavalry got in 
the rear of the Union army and destroyed the supply train of 
the second division at Lavergne. Consequently the division 
suffered greatly for want of supplies. During the four days 
of the engagement, each man received only a half pound of 
crackers, and a small teacupful of flour. Fortunately nearly 
all of them had coffee in their haversacks. 

On the morning of January fourth, it was ascertained that 
the enemy had left. The loss of the regiment in this battle, 
in killed, wounded and missing, was sixty-four, including Lieu- 
tenant Colonel P. B. Housum, the only field officer with the 
regiment at the time. As the ranking officer of the regiment, 
Captain Thomas E. Rose made the following report, as to the 
Seventy-seventh's part in this battle of Murfreesborough or 
Stone river: 

Headquarters Seventy-seventh Regt. Pennsylvania Vols. 

In Camp near Murfreesborough,- January 8, 1863. 

Sir: I have the honor to make the following report of the Seventy-seventh 
Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, from the time of leaving camp near 
Mill Creek, Tenn., December 26, 1862, to January 3, 1863, viz: We broke 
up our camp, near Mill Creek, December 26, sent our wagon train to 
Nashville, and took up our line of march in the direction of Shelbyville, 
on the Nolensville turnpike, and encamped in the evening a short distance 
beyond Nolensville. December 27 we continued our march in the same 
direction, and on the same road. At 8 A. M. we encountered the enemy 
within two miles of Triune. We were immediately placed in position, with 
the balance of our brigade on the left of the road. Our front line was com- 
posed with the Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteers on the left, the Thirty- 
fourth Illinois Volunteers on the right, and the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteers 



The Battle of Stone River. Ill 

in the centre. Our regiment and the Seventy-ninth regiment Illinois Volun- 
teers were held in reserve, but were advanced with the brigade, our regi- 
ment covering the Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteers. Skirmishers were 
thrown forward by each of the three first named regiments, as also were 
two companies of the Seventy-seventh regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
which occupied the extreme left of the line. In this manner we advanced 
towards Triune, driving the enemy from his position and took possession 
of the town, the enemy retreating towards Shelbyville. We encamped 
about one mile beyond Triune, near the turnpike. 

December 28. We remained in camp, where we stopped the evening 
before. 

December 29. We retraced our march, on the same road, for two miles, 
and turned off on a dirt road, running in an easterly course into the Salem 
turnpike, at the junction of which two roads we, silently and without fires, 
encamped for the night. 

December 30. We marched towards Murfreesborough, on the Salem turn- 
pike, for about three miles, when we were thrown into column by division, 
into the woods on the right of the road, with the balance of our brigade 
and division. At this time heavy skirmishing was going on on our left, 
and in front. We advanced for a short distance, when our regiment and 
the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteers were ordered to change front to the 
right, deploy column and throw out skirmishers. We then advanced, 
moving towards the right of the general line of battle, for about a quarter 
of a mile. We then changed front to the left, and occupied a dense cedar 
grove. The position of our regiment was now on the right of the Twenty- 
second Indiana Volunteers, of General Davis' division. It was here that 
we received a heavy fire from a rebel battery, that was stationed to the 
right, and in front of us, on an open field, by the edge of the woods, at a 
distance of about 500 yards. After a sharp skirmish it was silenced, 
when we threw out our pickets and remained for the night. Our position 
was now on the left of our brigade, and on the right of Davis' division. 

December 31. We were under arms at 4 A. M., and, at daylight, we 
discovered the enemy, in large force, within 60 yards of our pickets, who 
immediately commenced firing, when the enemy advanced to a furious 
attack. As the pickets retired, our regiment advanced to meet the enemy, 
and resisted their attack with desperate valor, repulsing the forces imme- 
diately in our front, with great slaughter and compelling them to retire 
across the brook, where we first found them posted, into a corn field beyond. 
This was the first attack that was made on our lines; but almost at the 
same time the enemy's columns, which were directed on those regiments 
on our right, pressed furiously onward, bearing down everything before 
them. The regiments on our right fell back after a short but desperate 
resistance, as was shown by the great mortality on botli sides. Soon after 
this, the regiment on our left changed position to our rear, leaving our 
regiment completely isolated and battling against great odds, with the 
danger of being surrounded. We were ordered to retire for about 150 yards, 
and then march to the right, in order, if possible, to reattach ourselves to 
the balance of our brigade, which had been driven from its first position. 



112 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

■ 

While doing this we fell in with a portion of General Davis' division, and 
were advised that we had better co-operate with that division for the 
present, as our brigade had, by that time, retired so far that it would con- 
sume much valuable time in finding it, time that could be used, at this 
particular juncture to greater advantage by re-inforcing one of his (Davis - ) 
brigades. We posted ourselves on the right of Davis' division, in front 
id' which was a rebel battery, at a distance of about 400 yards. A little 
to the right and in front of this was Edgarton's battery, which had been 
previously captured by the rebels in the onset and was still in their pos- 
session. 

It was here that our regiment charged alone, recapturing Edgarton's 
battery, and up to the guns of the rebel battery, through a hurricane of 
grape and canister, until we were confronted by several thousand of the 
rebel infantry, when, as we were unsupported, we were obliged to retire 
to the line from which we had started on the charge, leaving our much 
loved battery in the hands of the rebels, as we had no means of moving it 
oil'. Yet we were repaid for this desperate charge, as much as for any we 
made during the day, in damaging the enemy and holding him in check. 

We retired in good order, halted and formed in our previous position, on 
the right of Davis' division. Here Colonel Housum fell. The battle was 
here hotly contested for some time, when our forces began to give way, 
fiercely pursued by the enemy, who came near taking a battery of ours 
at this place. 

As soon as the battery was safely off, we retired to the fence on the 
opposite side id' the field, where we stood alone for some time, contending with 
the rebels, until they commenced scaling the fence on our right and left, 
when we retired to the woods and again made a stand. We thus continued 
for some time, taking advantage of everything that came in our way, 
moving slowly, and our line never broke once throughout the day; but we 
fought every time we could find a line to rest on, or wherever we could 
gain a position in which we could, for a minute, successfully make a stand. 

When we came near the Nashville and Murfreesborough turnpike we 
fell in with a portion of the Twenty-ninth Indiana Volunteers, under the 
gallant Major Collins; also a portion of the Thirtieth Indiana Volunteers. 
These, with our regiment, were now joined together as a remnant of the 
old Fifth brigade, under Colonel Dodge, as brigade commander. We were 
posted, on the edge of the woods, by General .Johnson, on the right of 
General Cleve's division, which had just come up. The rebels were now 
coming on with tenfold more impetuosity, and our men were ordered to lie 
down quietly behind a fence, which partly protected us. We waited here 
until the rebels were within a short distance, when we up and delivered 
our fire with such great eefl'ct that the rebels began to give way. 

We now pitched into them with whoop and yell, all the time delivering 
a most destructive tire, and soon the whole rebel column was in full retreat. 
We drove them half a mile, when our ammunition gave out and we were 
relieved, when we retired to the railroad to obtain a fresh supply. This 
was the first check of importance that the rebels received, as it saved 
our ammunition train and secured for our forces an important position. 



The Buttle of Stone River. 113 

January 1, 18G3. We remained under arms on the crest of the hill, where 
we ended our final charge on the 31st ultimo. At 4 1'. M. we received a 
heavy lire from a rebel battery, which was soon silenced. 

January 2. Remained in the same position as on the 1st. A heavy 
battle was fought on our left, in which we took no part. In the evening 
we went on picket. A heavy skirmish took place immediately in front 
of our line. 

January .'!. Still remained under arms in our old position. At night, in 
the midst of the rain, the last final struggle was made, in which we took 
no part. 

During this great battle our little regiment did no discredit to the old 
Keystone State. Officers and men stood up and did their duty nobly. 

* * * * * :}c * :i: :|s * * 

That our line never broke shows that our men fought like veterans. We 
went into action with 288 men, we lost, in killed 5, including Lieutenant 
Colonel Housuni; in wounded 29, including one commissioned officer; miss- 
ing, 29, including 2 commissioned officers. Total, 63. Of those missing the 
greater part were either killed or taken prisoners. 

>;: i'fi i'fi & :■; s£ s}e :Js :£ :{: ;% 

I have the honor to be, most respectfully your obedient servant, 

TOM ELLWOOD ROSE, 
Captain Commanding Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
Capt. D. C. Wagner, 
Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Second Brigade. 

The wagon trains joined the troops on the field on the sixth, 
when the division inarched through Murfreesborough, four 
miles out the Shelbyville pike, and there camped. Supplies 
were still very short. 

In the three dnjs immediately preceding this move, the men 
received but one-half pound of crackers (hardtack) and a very 
small piece of bacon apiece. From here, on the eleventh, the 
regiment marched to Nashville to escort a large, empty sup- 
ply train, to return on the thirteenth, with the wagons loaded 
full, marching thirty-three miles on the latter day. 

After the battle of Stone river, the Seventy seventh was 
without field officers, as Major Bradford had previously re- 
signed. Captain Tliomas E. Rose was commissioned Colonel; 
Captain Frederick S. Pyfer, Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain 
Alexander Phillips, Major. 

General Rosecrans having heard of tin 1 charge of the Sev- 
enty-seventh upon the Confederate battery, was so much in- 
terested in the affair, that a few days after the bat lie, he rode 
into the camp of the regiment, and then, accompanied by its 



114 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

field officers, went to the battlefield to view the ground, over 
which the regiment had passed on that eventful morning of 
December 31, 1862. 

^Yhile encamped here, pursuant to orders from the War 
Department, dated January 9, 1803, the army (the Fourteenth 
Army Corps) was divided into three corps. The center was 
designated the Fourteenth Corps; the right wing, the Twen- 
tieth Corp; and the left wing, the Twenty-first Corps. 

This change of name did not however, affect either the or- 
ganization of the army or its various commanders. 

On the seventh day of February, the Seventy-seventh, to- 
gether with the other regiments of the second brigade, was 
detailed to work upon the fortifications. It moved to near 
the Nashville pike, a short distance west of the town. There 
is was engaged in the construction of a fort, -which was com- 
pleted in exactly four months. This fort was considered one 
of the strongest earth works in that part of the country. 

On March twentieth, the entire Army of the Cumberland was 
drawn up in line for review by General Kosecrans and Staff. 
The General, in riding along the line from right to left, stopped 
a few moments in front of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, 
and said to Colonel Rose, "Colonel, I see your regiment is all 
right. Give my compliments to your men, tell them it is the 
banner regiment of Stone river. It was the only regiment 
on the right wing that never broke ranks." This was proba- 
bly the highest compliment ever paid to any regiment by the 
Commanding General of an army. It was duly communicated 
to the men, while on dress parade that same evening. 




COL.THOS. E.ROSE. 



PRINTIJULIUSBIEN S CO. NEW YORK 



The Battle of Liberty Gap. 115 



CHAPTER V. 



Liberty Gap — Tullahoma. 



ON June seventh, the brigade was relieved from its work on 
the fortifications and returned to the division. On the 
twentieth Colonel John F. Miller, of the Twenty-ninth 
Indiana, returned to his regiment, and, being the senior offi- 
cer, took command of the brigade. Everything now pointed 
to a very early forward move. The main force of the enemy 
was on the north of the Duck river, with its right at War- 
trace, and its left at Shelbyville, with cavalry protecting both 
flanks, on the right, as far as McMinnville, and on the left, 
to Columbia and Spring Hill. Along its entire front were 
the Cedar Hills, a spur of the Cumberland mountains. These 
hills are steep, rocky and high, with few roads suitable for 
the movements of an army. These roads were by McMinn- 
ville to the extreme right of the Confederate position; by 
Manchester pike, which crosses the hills through Hoover's 
Gap; the Wartrace road through Liberty Gap; a road 
through Bellebuckle Gap; and the Shelbyville pike, which 
leads through Guy's Gap to the left of the Confederate line. 
Shelbyville was strongly fortified, and all these passes were 
guarded by strong forces of the enemy. Polk's corps was at 
Shelbyville. Hardee adjoined his right, and held Bellebuckle, 
Liberty and Hoover's Gap. Their strength was estimated at 
fully 40,000 men. It was evidently Bragg's intention to offer 
battle here. 

Tullahoma is situated at the junction of the Louisville and 
Nashville Railroad, and the railroad coming down from Mc- 
Minnville, about fifteen miles south of Wartrace. It was 
strongly fortified by rifle pits and heavy earthworks. In 
order to reach Tullahoma it was necessary to dislodge the 
enemy and drive him from his strong position among the Cof- 



116 'Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

fee Hills. The morning of the twenty-fourth began with a 
dreary dismal rain, which soon made the roads almost impassa- 
ble for artillery and wagons. Sheridan's division marched 
out the Shelbyville pike at daylight. He was followed, for 
six miles by Johnson's division, which then turned off to the 
left on a dirt road direct to Old Millersburg. Davis followed 
on the same road. After leaving the Shelbyville pike the 
second division was in advance, Willich's brigade leading the 
column. It reached Old Millersburg at noon, without en- 
countering the foe. 

General McCook then ordered General Johnson to recon- 
noiter Liberty Gap, which was done by the Thirty-ninth In- 
diana mounted infantry, attached to the first brigade. About 
two o'clock in the afternoon their Colonel, Harrison, reported 
that he was skirmishing with a force of infantry, posted in 
front of the Gap. The first brigade was then advanced to 
the skirmish line. As it came forward the enemy fell back 
upon their supports, posted along the crest of the hills which 
form the northern entrance to the Gap. To dislodge the 
enemy from this position, it was necessary to ascend the 
heights. About half-way to their summits these very steep 
hills were under cultivation. From there to the crest was 
nothing but jagged rock and timber. To carry the heights by 
direct assault was very difficult. It was therefore determined 
to flank the position. Thus far only Willich's brigade had 
been engaged. The task assigned to it proved too much for 
it to accomplish alone, and the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania 
and the Twenty-ninth Indiana were ordered to the front, thus 
extending the right of the line. The whole line now moved 
forward on a double quick, under a most furious fire, which, 
however, did very little damage. Firing from such a height 
the enemy mostly overshot, and their missiles passed over 
the heads of the advancing line. 

The Confederates were completely outflanked to the right 
and left, and compelled to flee. Immediately in front of the 
Sevenly-seveiHh the heights were very rough, rocky and al- 
most perpendicular. To climb them was a most difficult per- 
formance. Some of the men slung their guns across their 
backs, and pulled themselves up, hand over hand, by taking 
hold of roots and brush. They finally reached the summit, 



The Battle of Liberty Gap. 117 

right in the midst of the camp just abandoned by the enemy. 
The Confederates had evidently been disturbed at their din- 
ners as the Seventy-seventh's boys found many tables, set 
ready for the meal. 

The enemy was driven more than a mile. The brigade 
halted after passing Liberty Church. Here the troops bi- 
vouacked. The third brigade came up, moved still farther 
on and established the picket line. Before the pickets eould 
be properly posted some skirmishing was done by the advance. 
In it the Seventy-seventh did not participate. The constant 
rain of the day continued throughout the entire night. Men 
got what sleep they could in their beds of soft mud. until 
three o'clock next morning, which hour found the command 
again under arms. Positive information was received that 
Cleburne's division had reinforced the enemy during the 
night. This meant more fighting, and harder than that of the 
preceding day. 

Early in the morning Williclrs brigade was ordered to the 
front to join the third brigade on the skirmish line. Some 
desultory tiring was done by the two lines, but it was not very 
heavy. At ten o'clock the enemy's cavalry and infantry ap- 
peared in force, and opened a spirited tire, which was harm- 
less, as they were too far away. At noon they made another 
attack, which also after a sharp fight, was repulsed. Within 
an hour they again advanced, in greater numbers, and opened 
with artillery and musketry, straining every nerve to recover 
what they had lost on the preceding day. So far only the 
first brigade had been engaged, but, as the enemy was too 
strong for Willich, whose ammunition was about exhausted, 
the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and Seventy-ninth Illinois 
were sent to the relief of the first brigade. The Seventy-sev- 
enth was put in front with the Seventy-ninth Illinois follow- 
ing, somewhat to their left. Immediately beyond where the 
relief passed Willich was an orchard, then a corn field deep 
with mud. About live hundred yards beyond that a creek 
flowed along an irregular range of hills about one hundred 
feet high. As the Seventy-seventh entered the orchard, they 
opened fire on the enemy, who were in plain view. Charging 
through orchard and corn field, about as rapidly as men could 
go. they drove the Confederates before them to the hills. In 



118 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

crossing the corn field the regiment was subject to a fierce 
and well-directed, enfilading fire from a hostile battery, posted 
some distance to the right. This fire was very disastrous. 
The regiment did not pause until it had reached the creek 
at the foot of the hills. Here, somewhat protected by a rail 
fence, it kept up the fight. The Seventy-ninth Illinois now 
coming up, formed on the left of the Pennsylvanians. Behind 
this fence the men were falling rapidly, Lieutenant Wm. H. 
Thomas was instantly killed there, and Colonel Miller was 
disabled by a minie ball in the left eye. Thereupon Colonel 
Rose assumed command of the brigade. The further pro- 
gress of the Seventy-seventh during this action is set forth in 
Colonel Rose's official report, which follows: 

"Headquarters Seventy-seventh Regt. Pennsylvania "Volunteers. 

In Camp at Tullahoma, July 6, 1863. 

Captain: In compliance with orders from General Johnson, dated July 5, 
1863, received to-day, I submit the following report of the operations of 
my regiment on the 24th and 25th of June, 1863, which is as follows: 

At Murfreesborough, Tennessee, June 24, 1863, I received orders to 
break up my camp at 4 A. M. and march towards Shelbyville, Teun., on 
the Shelbyville turnpike. 

We broke our camp, as ordered, and marched out about 6 o'clock A. M., 
and continued on the Shelbyville road until we came to Wartrace road. 
We left the turnpike and continued on a dirt road through Millersburg 
toward Wartrace, until we arrived at Liberty Gap, at which place we 
arrived, after a toilsome march through the mud, at about 3 P. M. At this 
time the enemy's pickets were encountered by General Willich's brigade, 
which was in advance of our own. The firing soon became quite spirited, 
and finally assumed the form of a skirmish, when the Twenty-ninth Indiana 
Volunteers, of our own brigade, was ordered forward to try the flank of 
the enemy, which order was promptly and spiritedly executed. In a few 
minutes after I received orders to move up for the same purpose. I imme- 
diately moved up in column by company to the main entrance of the Gap, 
where the enemy were posted, and then piloted by Lieutenant Sheets, of 
General Johnson's staff, moved up on the opposite slope of a ravine, which 
extended around the elliptical base of the hill, on which the left wing of 
the enemy was posted. I proceeded along this ravine for several hundred 
yards under a sharp fire from the enemy's sharpshooters, which did but 
little damage, until I gained what was deemed a proper position, when 1 
was ordered by Colonel Miller, now in command of the brigade, to move 
directly on the enemy, who was posted on a hill of from 80 to 100 feet 
elevation, on the opposite side of the ravine, which ravine was about 
300 yards wide, quite level and muddy. I at once formed line of battle 
and moved half way across the ravine, throwing two companies of skir- 



The Battle of Liberty Gap. 119 

misliers nearly to the foot of the hill, when I was directed by one of General 
Willich's aides that I was not far enough to the right to co-operate with 
his brigade. I informed him that I was acting under orders from Colonel 
Miller, to whom 1 directed him to go and bring me further instructions. 
He immediately returned with an order for me to move about 150 yards 
to the right, and then, as before, move up to the hill against the enemy. 
I did as I was commanded, and found the hill very steep, so much so that 
we were obliged to scramble up laying hold of the bushes and saplings in 
order to effect progress; in fact, it was equal to scaling the heights of 
Abraham, but the enemy did not offer as much resistance as I had expected, 
from the fire that he had kept up on my regiment from the time we had 
first approached the Gap, for, while we scrambled up on one side of the 
hill he scrambled down on the other side in great confusion, leaving his 
camps without attempting to move anything. 

We pursued the enemy over the hills and up through the Gap for about 
a mile, as nearly as I can judge, when we were halted by order of General 
Johnson, and relieved by the Third brigade. We then went into camp on 
the slope of the hill, on the right of the road, at the entrance to the middle 
ravine. We were here very much exposed to the enemy's shells, several 
of which came near knocking down the stacks of my muskets, but, as 
night was settling in we were soon relieved from annoyance and lay down 
and slept soundly. 

During this day's skirmish I lost one man wounded. We killed one of 
the enemy and took one prisoner. I do not know how many we wounded, 
as the enemy had every opportunity of removing them, while we were 
climbing up the hill. Their wounded were about all they did remove. 

At night four companies of my regiment went on picket. 

On the morning of the 25th my four companies were relieved from picket 
and we remained where we encamped the night before without any im- 
portant event, until about 2 P. M., when the pickets in our front, belonging 
to General Willich's brigade, were heavily pressed by the enemy, and soon 
a pretty sharp engagement ensued. 

I soon received orders to hasten to their support, and we advanced rapidly 
to the foot of the slope, on the east side of the middle ravine, where we 
were joined by the Seventy-ninth Illinois Volunteers, of our brigade, thence 
to the middle of the ravine, where, by General Johnson's orders we formed 
line of battle, stretching across the ravine, my regiment occupying the 
right, and the Seventy-ninth regiment Illinois Volunteers the left. We 
here found two of General Willich's regiments slowly retreating, as they 
were nearly out of ammunition, but they were making good use of what 
they had left. 

I here received orders to advance rapidly against the enemy, which 
orders were carried into execution as fast as human bone and sinew could 
produce locomotion. In less time than is worth mentioning we gained the 
low ridge running across the ravine, from which our pickets had been 
driven. I had no orders to halt here, and pressed vigorously on, through 
showers of the enemy's missiles, to the open plain in our front, at the exit 



120 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

from the middle ravine. This plain was planted with com. It was about 
400 or 500 yards to the opposite side, where it was bounded by au irregular 
ridge of hills from 60 to 100 feet elevation. The main force of the rebels 
occupied this ridge, with their artillery posted on their left, on the least 
elevated and most sloping purl ion .it' the ridge. The position of the ridge 
in my front gave them opportunity to form their main line of battle in a 
triangle, concaving so as to expose our two regiments to the fire of their 
artillery and nearly all their " musketry at the same time. My men here 
began to fall rapidly. Colonel Miller, the commander of the brigade, was 
at this lime wounded, and I was left in command, but did not know it 
then, as he was wounded in the ravine, through which we had just passed, 
and I was forward with my regiment. I determined to cross the plain, 
through the enemy's fire, and gain the foot of the ridge, where the enemy 
were posted. My object in doing this was threefold: First, I had no 
orders to halt; second, I would lose fewer men by gaining the point and 
holding it than to remain where I was; and third, I would be in close 
ranee with the enemy, and could there make every shot count, and I also 
felt confident I could drive him from the hills. 1 adjusted my line and 
assumed command of both regiments, being the senior officer. I then 
rapidly advanced to the attack. No greater bravery is required in warfare 
than to execute an attack like this. The plain we were obliged to cross 
proved to be one of mud, where the men sunk to their shoe tops at every 
step. The enemy were drawn up in three lines in our front, the first, a 
strong line of skirmishers at the foot of the hills; the second, a line of battle 
half way up the slope, and their line or reserve at the summit. These lines, 
thus situated, brought their whole lire to hear upon us, besides, we were 
exposed to a terrific fire of artillery from our right. 

I here lost every fifth man of my command, but the bravery of these 
gallant men was not shaken in the least. There was not a single skulker 
or straggler. At the opposite side of the plain was a creek running at the 
base of the hills, on the nearest hank id' which was a fence, where my 
line halted, keeping up a terrific tire on the enemy, causing their first and 
second lines to break toward the top of the hill like a flock of sheep, but 
we were still exposed to a terrific fire from their third line, and the exhausted 
stall- of the men, caused from double-quicking through the mud, seemed to 
preclude the possibility of advancing my line any farther, but springing 
forward myself, wading the stream and waving them on, acted like a 
charm and on came my' line with a yell, dashing through the creek gaining 
the base of the hill, where we were tolerably secure from the fire of the 
enemy, while our fire told upon them with admirable effect. The rebels 
were, for a long time, determined to hold their ground and drive us back. 
My ammunition was becoming rapidly exhausted and I sent for re-enforce- 
ments. 

Shortly after this, I was notified by Lieutenant Baldwin, that I was in 
command of the brigade, and I immediately sent an order for another regi- 
ment to come up to our support, and, at the same time, a request to the 
General to send me as many re-inforeements as he saw fit, as my men 
were now entirely out of ammunition. 



The Battle of Liberty Gap. 1-L 

The Thirty-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of my brigade, came up 
in gallant style, and suffered very heavily from the enemy's fire. At the 
same time the Thirty-eighth Indiana, of General Davis' division, which 
also suffered severely in crossing the plain, came up. The firing of the 

enemy, at this time, ceased, except a lew straggling shots, as their lines 
had been broken 1'or some time, and they retreated rapidly over the hills 
toward Bellbuckle. 

I received orders to advance no further, and we encamped for the nighl 
on the battlefield, in the ravine. 

My regiment lost, in this day's battle, one Lieutenant and three enlisted 
men, killed, and two Captains and '.VI enlisted men, wounded. The loss we 
inflicted on the enemy was, without exaggeration, double that of our own. 
I counted nine of the rebels lying within a very few feet of each other 
in one spot killed by musketry, and I have no doubt that they had the usual 
proportion of wounded, but they were carried off. This the enemy could 
do easily, as their position placed their rear out of the reach of our fire. 

Our officers and men behaved with the greatest gallantry, Lieutenant 
Colonel Pyfer, who took command of the regiment, when I assumed com- 
mand of the brigade, behaved throughout with the greatest coolness. Major 
Philips also performed his duty with great efficiency and gallantry. Cap- 
tains Walker of Company A. Kreps, who was wounded, of Company B, 
Lawson of Company C, Fry of Company D, Robinson of Company B, 
McDowell of Company F, Stern of Company G, and Shroad of Company 
K, were all in their places and behaved with unusual bravery. And where 
every Captain in a regiment is in his place, doing his duty, there cannot be, 
as there was not in this case, any skulking or straggling among the enlisted 
men. 

We lost a valuable officer in Lieutenant Thomas of Company G, who was 
killed while nobly doing his duty. Such is often the fate of the brave. 

The enlisted men of my regiment fought valiantly, and, with 20 rounds 
more ammunition, we would have needed no re-inforcements to have given 
the enemy a terrible rout. 

I must not forget to mention Surgeon Franklin Irish, whose services, in 
his indefatigable attention to our wounded, were invaluable. Also an 
assistant surgeon, Dr. McCandless, whose services were performed with 
faithfulness and energy. 

I have confined this report strictly to the operations of my own regiment, 
as the most of the time during the engagement I was in command of it, 
and must make my brigade report separate. 

I have the honor to be, most respectfully your obedient servant. 

THOS. B. ROSE, 
Colonel, Comdg. Seventy-seventh Regt. Pennsylvania Vols.. 

Captain E. P. Edsall. 

Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Second Brigade." 

In this engagement the first brigade lost, in killed and 
wounded, ninety-five; the second brigade, one hundred and 
twenty; and the third brigade, twenty-three. The Seventy- 



122 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ninth Illinois sustained the greatest regimental loss, forty- 
seven. The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania stood next with a 
loss of thirty-nine, killed and wounded, none missing, this be- 
ing fully twenty per cent, of their entire force engaged. Al- 
most this entire loss was suffered in less than two hours' 
fighting. 

On the twenty-eighth the enemy had concentrated his forces 
at Tullahoma, and General Rosecrans was preparing to move 
upon them there. On the night of the thirtieth, the army was 
drawn up in line, ready to give battle, when a reconnoissance 
to the front developed the fact that the enemy was evacuat- 
ing. The Union army was pushed forward, but its advance 
was slow, as the almost constant rains for the preceding six 
days made the roads almost impassable. Even the infantry 
could not cover more than one mile an hour. On entering 
the town of Tullahoma, General Johnson was placed in com- 
mand of it until the next forward move of the army. 



The Chickamauga Campaign. 123 



GHAPTEE VI. 



Chickamauga Campaign — Battle of Chickamauga — Night attack on John- 
son's Division — Seventy-seventh men prisoners — Escape from Confederate 
prisons. 



CHATTANOOGA was the objective point of the Chicka- 
mauga campaign. General Eosecrans army laid along 
the western base of the Cumberland mountains, while 
Bragg's forces held Chattanooga, the mountain passes above 
and below the town, as well as the south bank of the Tennes- 
see river. Eosecrans army was made up of the Fourteenth 
Corps, under General George II. Thomas; the Twentieth 
Corps under General A. McD. McCook, the Twenty-first Corps 
under General Thomas L. Crittenden, and one corps of cav- 
alry, commanded by General D. S. Stanley. 

Bragg's army was composed of throe corps of infantry, com- 
manded by Generals Polk, Hill and Buckner, and two corps 
of cavalry under Generals Forrest and Wheeler. Before 
Bragg withdrew from Chattanooga he was joined by Walker's 
corps, while Longstreet's corps come to re-inforce him dur- 
ing the battle of Chickamauga. 

Eosecrans' headquarters were at Winchester, where the 
Twentieth corps was established. The second division was 
at Tullahoma. The Fourteenth corps was at Decherd, and 
the Twenty-first corps at McMinnville. The Union army was 
more than one hundred miles from Nashville, its secondary 
base of supplies. 

Eosecrans decided to make a feint by sending Crittenden's 
corps over iuto the Tennessee valley, opposite to and above 
Chattanooga, in order to create the belief that it was his in- 
tention to attack the town from that direction. Meanwhile 
he would cross over the river with the main part of his army 
at or below Battle creek, and from that place get over the 
mountains into the rear of Chattanooga. He expected in 
9 



1-4 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

this way to either compel Bragg to come out to protect his 
line of communications, or to shut him up in the town. 

To accomplish all this Rosecrans must cross the Cumber- 
land mountains, which have a general elevation of 2,200 
feet. These and all the other mountains in his path were 
very steep and rugged, with very few roads that were more 
than mere mountain trails. After crossing the Cumberland 
mountains he had to get over the Tennessee river, which is 
deep and wide. At Caperton's Ferry, near Stevenson, it is 
L,254 feet wide, and at Bridgeport it is 2,700 feet across. 
Bridges for crossing it were to be put at these two places. 
South of the river wen- the Raccoon and Lookout mountains, 
both having about the same altitude of 2,200 feet. The aver- 
age distance across the Cumberland mountains, on the roads 
travelled by the army, is about thirty miles, while it is about 
fifteen miles over the Raccoon and Lookout mountains. 

The proposed campaign involved cutting loose from the 
base of supplies, carrying twenty-five days' rations and ammu- 
nition sufficient for two battles, in addition to crossing a 
wide and deep river, and moving an army to the rear of the 
enemy's position over two very precipitous and difficult moun- 
tain ranges. 

The campaign opened on the sixteenth of August. Crit- 
tenden moved for the Tennessee valley. .Minty's cavalry bri- 
gade operated on the extreme left, and forced a brigade of the 
enemy's cavalry across the river at Kingston. Minty then 
proceeded to make a most energetic commotion along the 
river above. Crittenden had occupied the Sequatchie valley, 
sending two brigades over Walden's Ridge into the Tennessee 
valley, where Wilder, with his mounted infantry brigade, 
joined them. 

Tents were pitched for miles along the escarpment of the 
ridge, and fires were lighted nightly along the crest. Bugles 
were blown morning and evening, for a long distance up the 
liver. Pieces of boards and other lumber were allowed to 
float down the river to create the impression that bridges 
were being constructed. A few batteries were kept circling 
through open spaces, where they could be seen from the south 
side of the river, to give the Confederates the idea that the 
whole Federal army was moving to occupy the other side. 



The CMcJcamauga Campaign. 125 

On August twenty-first Wilder's brigade got within range 
of Chattanooga, on Stringer's Ridge, and opened upon it with 
his battery. Bragg was completely deceived, and withdrew 
his infantry, sending his forces up the river to defend its 
crossings there. Buckner, also, was ordered there from East 
Tennessee. 

The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania., in command of Colonel 
Thomas E. Rose, being in the second brigade commanded by 
Colonel Joseph B. Dodge, which was a part of the second di- 
vision under General Johnson, participated in all the move- 
ments of the twentieth corps and of the division, as it moved 
from Tullahoma. The regiment crossed Elk river on August 
sixteenth, and bivouacked, in a drenching rain, until four 
o'clock next morning. It then moved to Winchester, Salem 
and thence through Paint Rock valley and across the moun- 
tains, arriving at Bellefonte, Alabama, on the twenty-first. 
It remained there until the thirty-first, when it proceeded to 
Caperton's Ferry below Stevenson and crossed the Tennessee 
river on a pontoon bridge. Here the Thirty-fourth Illinois 
was detached from the brigade and left to protect the cross- 
ing. 

On "September second, the first division, followed by the 
second had crossed the Raccoon mountains. Two days later 
they took Winston's Gap at Lookout mountain, forty-two 
miles south of Chattanooga. The same day the cavalry 
crossed Lookout and descended into liroomtown valley. On 
the fifth the third division crossed at Bridgeport. The head 
of Thomas' corps, the fourteenth, was over Lookout, at Stev- 
en's Gap, twenty-six miles below Chattanooga, on the eighth. 
Crittenden, on the sixth, was approaching Wauhatchie. On 
the seventh Bragg withdrew all his forces, and moved them 
toward La Fayette, behind Pigeon mountains. Wilder 
crossed the river at Friar's Island on the eighth. Another 
brigade crossed directly into Chattanooga on the ninth. 
They were followed by still another brigade on the next day. 

On the ninth Crittenden discovered that Bragg had evac- 
uated the place. The second and third divisions of Critten- 
den's corps passed on (he south side of the river, along the 
north end of Lookout mountain, three miles to the righl of 
Chattanooga, and followed after Bragg, camping that night 
at Rossville. 



li'G Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Upon leaving Chattanooga, Polk's and Hill's corps moved 
to La Fayette, where they arrived on the eighth. Walker's 
and Buckner's corps moved toward La Fayette by way of 
Graysville. The rest of Bragg's forces marched by way of 
Ringgold. Cleburne's division was posted in the gaps of 
Pigeon mountains. Bragg's headquarters were at Lee and 
Gordon's mill. On the ninth he ordered Cleburne and Hind- 
man to advance at midnight against General Thomas, the 
head of whose column was at Davis' crossroads, not far from 
Steven's Gap. 

Rosecrans' strategy had compelled Bragg to leave Chat- 
tanooga, but the manner in which he was compelled to exe- 
cute his plans gave promise of very serious work for his army. 
Bragg, with his army, extending from a few miles south of 
Lee and Gordon's to La Fayette, looked through the gaps of 
Pigeon mountains' directly upon the center of Rosecrans' 
army, which was then coming through Stevens' Gap on Look- 
out Mountain, twenty miles to the right of Crittenden's corps, 
which was at Rossville. At the same time McCook, in the 
vicinity of Alpine and Summerville, was entirely beyond sup- 
porting distance. The roads or mountain paths compelled the 
separation of the corps while crossing Lookout Mountain. 
Cleburne and Hindman, who had been ordered on the ninth, 
by General Bragg to advance against Thomas at Stevens' Gap, 
failed to successfully carry the order into effect. 

Bragg, disappointed in his attempt upon the center, turned 
toward Crittenden's corps on the Union left. Polk's and 
Walker's corps were moved toward Lee and Gordon's Mill 
with orders to attack Crittenden at dawn of the thirteenth. 
Bragg rode to the front only to find that Crittenden had 
crossed the Chickamauga, concentrated his corps and taken 
up a strong position. The ordered attack was consequently 
not made. Again disappointed, Bragg decided to move north, 
well beyond Crittenden's position, cross the Chickamauga be- 
tween Chattanooga and Rosecrans' forces, and attack Crit- 
tenden on his left, which was also the left of Rosecrans' army. 
Bragg's plan was to drive it back upon the Union center, 
which was still at Steven's Gap. On September eleventh, 
when Rosecrans discovered that the rear of Bragg's forces 
had not moved far south of Lee and Gordon's, he saw that the 



The Battle of Chickamauga. 127 

enemy was concentrating for battle. He saw at once that 
ii placed him on the defensive, and that the concentration of 
his forces became of vital importance. He immediately bent 
every energy to this one object, namely to bring the various 
commands within supporting distance of each other. 

McCook moved over the mountains northward, toward 
Thomas, and on the seventeenth, Thomas moved toward Crit- 
tenden. On the evening of that same day the whole Union 
army was safely within supporting distance. 

On the night of the seventeenth, Bragg ordered his forces 
to cross the Chickamauga early the next morning and attack, 
but the activity of the Union cavalry and mounted infantry 
at the crossings of the stream, so delayed the enemy that no 
general attack was possible on the eighteenth. During the 
night Bragg got his army across the river, and early in the 
morning of the nineteenth, formed it in line of battle, front- 
ing Crittenden's corps, who were ready to receive the attack. 
Forrest's cavalry had been sent north to guard Bragg's right 
and rear against Union reserves. Just as the Confederate 
lines were about to advance to the attack on Crittenden, 
furious fighting broke out at Jay's Mill, about two miles to 
Bragg's right. Forrest soon appeared, asking for infantry, 
which was at once sent to him. Bragg's plan was again a 
failure and had to be changed to meet the circumstances. 
•The reason was, that, during the night, Thomas, followed by 
McCook, moved northward toward Crittenden, and, as soon 
as darkness would conceal their movements, they marched 
rapidly all night to the northward. By daylight of the nine- 
teenth, Thomas had reached the La Fayette road at the Kelly 
farm. Here Baird's division took position at daylight, and 
Brannan's division, without taking breakfast, moved rapidly 
north to McDonalds, then east toward Beed's bridge, and at 
half past seven, struck Forrest's cavalry at Jay's Mill and at 
once become hotly engaged. Thus opened the battle of Chick- 
amauga. Thomas had become the left, Crittenden the right, 
and McCook the center of the Union army. This maneuver 
completely changed the order of battle as planned by General 
Bragg. 

Johnson's division, upon reaching Bosecrans' headquarters 
at the Widow Glenn's, was immediately sent to Thomas, 



128 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

where it arrived at noon, and was ordered eastwardly into 
the woods, just south of the Kelly farm, to the relief of 
Baird's division. Johnson had gone only about four hundred 
yards, when he was met by stragglers from the line in front. 
They were soon recognized as stragglers from Starkweather's 
brigade, of Baird's division, whose entire brigade had broken 
up and scattered in all directions. They were running to the 
rear as fast as they could go. Johnson pushed forward, met 
the enemy, opened fire, and then charged them back at least 
a mile. Then, having gone too far beyond the line of the 
troops on his left, Johnson halted, having driven the enemy 
from his front. During this charge the formation from right 
to left of the brigade was Twenty ninth Indiana, Seventy-sev- 
enth Pennsylvania, Seventy-ninth Illinois and the Thirtieth 
Indiana. 

This position, near the Winfrey House, one mile east of the 
La Fayette road, the most advanced on the Union line, was 
held by Johnson, the Second brigade was here again formed 
into two lines, with the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and 
the Seventy-ninth Illinois in the front line. All was now 
quiet for a brief time. 

Baird was sent forward to support Johnson, a part of his 
division was formed in extension of Johnson's left, the rest 
of Baird's command was placed in reserve. 

Cheatham's lines were formed just behind the rising ground* 
to the southeast, from which position, after three o'clock 
P. M. they kept up a continuous artillery fire on Johnson's 
line. 

Late in the afternoon Cleburne was sent from east of the 
Chickamauga to attack from the direction of Jay's Saw Mill, 
he marched his men directly across the river with the water 
up to their armpits, and reached Jay's Saw Mill at about six 
P. M., where he immediately formed and pushed forward, 
striking Johnson's line a little before seven P. M., then en- 
sued a battle in the darkness, such as very rarely occurs, 
it was almost impossible to distinguish friend from foe, each 
side being largely guided by the Hashes from their opponents' 
guns. 

The two right brigades of Cheatham's division joined Cle- 
burne in this night attack, the second brigade, 1,130 strong, 



The Battle of ChicJeamauga. 129 

was attacked by General Deshler's Texas brigade (1,783 
strong), of Cleburne's division, and by General PrestoD 
Smith's Tennessee brigade of Cheatham's division. Smith 
had fully as many men here as Deshler. The second brigade 
was posted thus: the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania on the 
right, with the Seventy-ninth Illinois on their left. To them 
the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Indiana were in reserve. The 
whole force of this overwhelming onset on the brigade fell 
upon the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and the Seventy-ninth 
Illinois, who were in the front line, the two reserve regiments 
were not brought into action during this night engagement. 

On the right of the Seventy-seventh there was a large gap. 
A detail under Lieutenant Colonel Pyfer was sent into the 
woods, to the right, before dark, and ascertained that the 
nearest Union troops in that direction were three-quarters of 
a mile away. Through this gap, in the darkness Deshler 
marched his brigade. Having gotten far to the rear of the 
Union lines, he returned, passing unexpectedly through the 
Seventy-seventh from their rear. Some of Deshler's men 
were captured here but could not be held long, as at the same 
time Smith's brigade came up immediately in front of the 
Seventy-seventh, and it became a hand to hand fight. 

General Smith, w r ith his staff, rode through the Pennsylva- 
nia line. In doing so he was killed by Sergeant John W. 
Bryson, of Company A, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, just 
in the rear of the line. Almost at the same time, two mem- 
bers of Smith's staff, Captains Donaldson and King, were 
killed. Bryson killed General Smith with a Confederate gun, 
made in Mississippi, which he had picked up on a previous bat- 
tlefield. (It was the same gun with which Colonel, then Cap- 
tain, Rose shot the sharpshooter at Stone River). 

Almost simultaneously with the appearance of General 
Smith, riding through the lines, the Seventeenth and eigh- 
I (ruth Texas, of Deshler's brigade, filed across the right 
flank of the Seventy seventh and opened a terrific enfilading 
fire. The regiment was hemmed in on all sides. Under cover 
of the darkness some got away, but seventy-three of the rank 
and file were here taken prisoners. Among those captured 
were all the field officers, four captains, two lieutenants, and 



130 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

sixty-four enlisted men. The regimental flag also fell into 
the hands of the Texans. 

On the morning of the twentieth the remnant of the second 
brigade, including what was left of the Seventy-seventh, less 
than one hundred men, was posted on the left of Baird's divi- 
sion, north of the Kelly Farm. There it maintained that po- 
sition, against every atack of the enemy, until it was with- 
drawn, along with the army, to Rossville toward nightfall. 
The regiment remained at Rossville until the night of the 
twenty-first, when it was moved to Chattanooga, having been 
so reduced in numbers that but eighty-four were left to 
answer roll calls. As the Seventy-seventh took less than two 
hundred men into this battle, its loss here was over fifty per 
cent. Owing to the capture of all their field officers, no regi- 
mental report on the battle of Chickamauga was made. Col- 
onel Dodge's report, which follows, gives consequently, the 
only official account of the doings of the Seventy-seventh 
there. 

Colonel Dodge's Report. 

Headq'rs Second Brig., Second Div., 20th Army Corps, 

Chattanooga, September 27, 1803. 

Sir: In compliance with your circular of the 25th instant, I have the 
honor to submit the following report of the part that this brigade took in 
the recent battles near this place: 

After a tedious and laborious march we reached a point about four miles 
from Crawfish Spring, in the direction of Stevens' Gap, on the 18th instant, 
where my brigade was placed on picket and staid all night. 

On the morning of the 19th I marched, at about 7 o'clock, with the rest 
of the division, and passed Crawfish Spring, in the direction of Chattanooga, 
about three miles, when we filed off the road to the right. My brigade, 
being on the left of the division, was, agreeably to your order, here deployed 
into column; the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, Col. Thomas B. Rose com- 
manding, and the Seventy-ninth Illinois, Col. Allen Buckner commanding, 
in the first line; the Twenty-ninth Indiana. Lieut. Col. D. M. Dunn com- 
manding, and the Thirtieth Indiana, Lieut. Col. O. D. Hurd commanding, 
in the second line, in rear of the First and Third brigades, and ordered 
to govern myself by their movements, and to support them. After moving 
in this manner a short distance, I received an order to move to the right, 
until I reached General Hazen's brigade of General Palmer's division, and 
relieve him, as his men were getting short of ammunition. I accordingly 
moved my whole command by the right flank about 400 yards, when I 
found a very brisk engagement going on, and the enemy's line formed in 
an oblique direction to the one I was in. I immediately changed front 
with my first line, and seeing that the enemy were well sheltered, while my 



The Battle of Chickamauga. 131 

command was badly exposed to their fire, and my men being comparatively 
fresh, I ordered a charge. The whole column had previously deployed into 
line, that having been necessary in order to keep from making too wide an 
opening between my left and the right of General WiUich's brigade. 

The order was most gallantly obeyed by both officers and men, and the 
enemy gave way in utter rout and confusion. In this charge the Twenty- 
ninth Indiana was on the right, the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania next, the 
Seventy-ninth Illinois next, and the Thirtieth Indiana on the left. We 
drove them, in this manner, nearly or quite one mile (some officers think 
farther), when, finding that my line was getting broken, in consequence of 
losses in killed and wounded, and that I had no support on either flank, 
I ordered a halt. On this charge my command passed some 30 or 40 yards 
to the right of a battery, belonging to the enemy, which was nearly deserted 
by them, and a part of which was captured by one of the other brigades to 
my left (General Willich's, I believe). I then formed my command in its 
original order, and moved about 400 yards to my left and rear, and formed 
a connection with the right of Willich's brigade, refusing my right slightly, 
so as to protect my flank as much as possible, and threw out a heavy line 
of skirmishers in my front and on my flank. There was no force (of ours) 
on my right in sight, and I was fearful that the enemy would attack us on 
that flank. 

In order to be certain, about 4 P. M. I sent out a detachment under Lieu- 
tenant Colonel Pyfer, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, to examine the position 
of the enemy, if possible, and to ascertain the position of the nearest 
troops on our own line. He reported a heavy picket force of the enemy 
about 500 yards to my front and right, and that it was about three-fourths 
of a mile from my right to the left of General Turchin's brigade, and that 
his were the nearest of our troops on that flank. I strengthened my line 
of pickets, and made all the preparations possible to resist an attack from 
that quarter. Just before dark the enemy made an attack some distance 
to my left, and gradually swept around to- my front, when I was informed 
that a heavy column was moving directly against my flank. It was now 
quite dark, so that it was impossible to distinguish any person a few feet 
off. I immediately withdrew my battery to the rear, just in time to save 
it, as this column swept around on my right and rear, delivering at the 
same time a very heavy fire, and capturing nearly the whole of the Seventy- 
seventh Pennsylvania, and about one-half of the Seventy-ninth Illinois. A 
large portion of the men succeeded, in the confusion and darkness in making 
their escape, but Colonel Rose, Lieutenant Colonel Pyfer and Major Phillips, 
all of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, and Major Fitzsimmons, of the 
Thirtieth Indiana, who had previously been wounded, but was near the 
Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, together with quite a number of line officers, 
were captured, or wounded so that they were unable to get away. 

My second line returned their fire and held their position. I w T as, as 
yet, not aware of the extent of the loss of my brigade, owing to the dark- 
ness, and, while endeavoring to move my left more to the front, got into 
the enemy's lines and was taken prisoner, but succeeded in making my 
escape, and on my return found that my brigade, with the rest of the 



132 



Seventy-seventh Pennsylvan ia Regiment. 



division, was being withdrawn from its perilous position, as it was almost 
entirely surrounded by a force largely its superior in numbers. We 
bivouacked that night about 300 yards to the right of the Chattanooga road. 

Early in the morning of the 20th instant, by your orders, I took a position 
with the remnant of my brigade, in rear of the Third brigade, forming 
the second line. 

Shortly afterward, I received an order to move to the left, where I found 
that I was detached from the division — General Baird's division, of the 
Fourteenth Army Corp, being between the right of my Hue and the left of 
the rest of the division, and one brigade on my left, forming the extreme 
left of our line. About 9 o'clock the enemy made an attack on our front, 
which was repulsed after a severe fight. From that time until 5 P. M. 
we were under a constant fire, at times one of great intensity, but every 
attack was repulsed, and some of them were attended with great slaughter 
to the enemy. 

At about 5 o'clock, during a very severe attack, and which we were 
repulsing with our usual success, I received an order from General Johnson, 
in person to withdraw my command, fighting the best way I could, as our 
whole line was to do the same. I immediately moved my command by 
the left flank, in rear of the brigade that had been on my left, toward the 
Chattanooga road, and then across the hills in the direction of Rossville. 
Some little confusion took place in this movement, owing to the terrific 
fire we received from the infantry and artillery mi our flank and rear while 
crossing a cornfield; but, with the assistance of Colonel Buckner, of the 
Seventy-ninth Illinois Volunteers, I succeeded in getting into good order 
again, and retiring, in that manner to near Kossville, where we bivouacked 
for the night. During this terrible engagement I am proud to say that 
all, men and officers alike, behaved in such a manner as to make distinction 
between them invidious. 

% % :J: * * * * * =H * * 

The loss of my brigade is shown by the following table.* It will be 



♦Omitted in Rebellion Records, embodied in revised statement, as follows: 



' 


Killed. 


Wounded. 


Captured or 
missing. 








^ 




a 




a 




Command. 




B 




B 




B 


aj 














■d 


(C 






















+-" 


<u 


*-> 


0) 


*-? 


o 












o 




to 




E 


~ 


£ 


c 


6 • 


c 




C 


H 


o 


K 


o 


a 


^ 



.Staff 

Seventy-ninth Illinois 

Twenty-ninth Indiana 

Thirtieth Indiana 

Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania. ... 

Ohio Light Artillery, Twentieth 

Battery 



Total Second Brigade, 



9 
121 
172 
126 

101 



The Hal lie of ( 'h ickamauga. L33 

seen that, out of an aggregate of 1,130 who went into the engagement, 
there remained but 598 men. 

The list of missing, as will be seen, is quite large. A large majority of 
those reported in that manner, I am satisfied, were either killel or wounded, 
as much of the heaviest loss, 1 suppose, was during the attack of the night 
of the 19th, as we received a very heavy cross-fire from the enemy, there 
must have been a great many struck down by the enemy's bullets. Very 
nearly all that were lost at that time are reported missing, and will have 

to stand that way until w r e receive more definite information. 

* # * * * * * # # * * 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

J. B. DODGE, 
Colonel, Oomdg. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 20th Army Corps. 
Lieutenant A. S. Smith, 

Acting Assistant Adjutant General Second Division. 

The prisoners from the regiment were passed through the 
Confederate lines, taken to Atlanta, and from thence, by rail, 
to Richmond. Here the commissioned officers were put into 
Libby, and the enlisted men into other prisons. In Novem- 
ber the men were taken to Danville, Virginia, and subse- 
quently to Andersonville, Georgia. Fifty-seven of these men 
died while in prisons principally at Andersonville, leaving only 
seven survivors out of the sixty-four. That fact alone speaks 
volumes as to the treatment received by the Union prisoners 
of war, during the Rebellion. 

In the prisons too the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania had 
a unique distinction. Members of it were prominently en- 
gaged while confined in prisons in the three most successful 
tunnels that were dug out of military prisons, during the en- 
tire Rebellion. Colonel Thomas E. Rose was the head of the 
Libby Prison tunnel. Tinder very great difficulties it was 
dug from the building, under the street, ending under a 
shed which admirably screened the escaping prisoners. This 
excavation was about fifty feet in length. Through it es- 
caped one hundred and nine officers, Colonel Rose among 
them. He was re-captured, but was afterwards exchanged and 
reached his regiment in time to participate in the Atlanta 
campaign. 

The second tunnel referred to, was dug from Prison No. 5, 
Danville, Virginia, in December, 1803. It was somewhat 
shorter than the Libby tunnel and ended in the open, outside 
of the guard line. It opened in plain view of the guards. 



134 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

The men depended entirely upon the darkness of the night 
to enable them to escape unobserved. About seventy es- 
caped through this burrow. Corporal Jacob Isenberger, of 
Company K, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, was one of the 
lenders, and a prominent worker in this enterprise. 

The third tunnel was from the same No. 5 Prison, at Dan- 
ville. It was dug in January and February, 1864, requiring 
about six weeks work. Having learned, by previous exper- 
ience, that such enterprises if generally known among the 
prisoners, would almost infallibly come to the knowledge of 
the prison authorities, the men formed an oathbound league, 
numbering sixty members, to do this work. In the organiza- 
tion of this league, Sergeant John Obreiter, of Company K, 
Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, was elected first assistant en- 
gineer, and John H. Shirk, of Company E, Seventy-ninth Penn- 
sylvania, second assistant. The chief engineer was a west- 
ern man. He did not see the work until it was finished, when 
he went down and through it to liberty. The work therefore 
all fell to the assistants and their helpers without any assist- 
ance or advice from the chief engineer. It was done under 
the most trying circumstances. Owing to the former at- 
tempts to escape, guards were at this time, placed inside of 
the building in addition to the regular guard surrounding it 
on the outside. Yet, in spite of all difficulties, the work was 
secretly and successfully accomplished. The entire length of 
the excavation was one hundred and eighty feet. It ended 
under a small detached outbuilding, which was then used as 
the kitchen of a dwelling, which stood on ground adjoining the 
prison property built upon piers or posts about two and one- 
half or three feet above the ground. The prisoners expected 
that it would screen them from the view of the guards while 
they passed into the streets of the town. Fully one hundred 
and ^ixtj escaped through this tunnel. This was the largest 
number that escaped from any prison during the entire war. 
A lady, living nearby, saw the men coming from under the 
kitchen and reported (lie fact to the guards. They promptly 
stopped the exodus. But for this, prisoners would have con- 
tinued going out until dawn, by which lime the prison would 
have been almost emptied. 

Number five prison was a large three storied brick structure 







. - - - •_ 



print: jl 



CHICKAMAUGA, FRONT VIEW. 



In Confederate Prison. L35 

of very substantial construction, and was used, prior to the 
Rebellion, as a plug tobacco factory, but during the war, it 
was turned into a military prison, which, at (he time when the 
tunnels were dug out from it, contained about 1,000 prisoners 
who were captured a1 the battle of Chickamauga. 

To commemorate the services of the regiment in the battle 
of Chickamauga, an appropriate monument of granite and 
bronze has been erected on that held by the State of Penn- 
sylvania. 

This monument stands on the ground where, on September 
nineteenth, during the night attack on Johnson's Division, so 
large a number of the Seventy-seventh, officers and men, were 
taken prisoners. 



L36 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



CHAPTER VII. 



Chattanooga — Short Rations — Rosecrans plans to open communications, 
plan approved by Grant, successful — Rosecrans relieved, Thomas placed 
in Command — Grant takes Supreme Command — Skirmish at Lookout 
Creek — Whiteside — 77th Re-enlistments — Home on Veteran Furlough. 



CHATTANOOGA, the objective point of this campaign, had 
been successfully gained by Rosecrans, but at a fear- 
ful cost. As the Union army entered the town, it was 
closely followed by the enemy with the evident intention of 
forcing them out of it, and driving them to the north side of 
the river. By great exertion and very hard labor, all of which 
was cheerfully put forth by the men, the entire southern front 
of Rosecrans' position was quickly protected by a strong line 
of breastworks. These presented an almost insurmountable 
obstacle to an assaulting column. Bragg took up a position 
in front of the fortifications, extending his lines from the 
river, east of Chattanooga, to the river below Lookout Moun- 
tain, on the west of Chattanooga. His main force was on 
Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, with lines of forti- 
fications at their bases, in Chattanooga valley as far south 
as Chattanooga creek. From the creek their works followed 
a ridge running across Orchard Knob, and from thence to the 
river. In Lookout Valley Bragg posted a brigade in a 
strongly intrenched position. His pickets extended down 
along the river, through Whiteside and Shellmound, nearly to 
Bridgeport, Alabama. Tims he held the Memphis and 
Charleston Railroad from Bridgeport to Chattanooga, thereby 
culling the Federal army off from its base of supplies. 

Rosecrans was compelled to bring all his supplies on wagon 
trains from Stevenson, Alabama, through the Sequatchie Val- 
ley, over roads which had been made almost impassable by 
incessant rains, and across the Cumberland mountains. 
Under those conditions the Quartermaster's department could 



Chattanooga. 137 

not furnish the army with quarter rations. The overworked 
horses aiid mules died by hundreds, from starvation. Wagon 
trains were often twenty days in making the trip from SteT 
enson. Usually they reached Chattanooga entirely empty, as 
all the supplies, with which they had been loaded, would nec- 
essarily be consumed on the way by the accompanying train 
guards and animals. By November lirst all the remaining 
animals had been so reduced by starvation, that they could no 
longer draw the wagons. 

The men, too, suffered very severely. Day by day they con- 
sumed the pittance furnished, which was never enough to 
stay their hunger. Hard bread, mouldy and almost rotten 
from exposure in transit, which had been condemned as un- 
safe for use, was seized by the famishing men and greedily de- 
voured. But, in spite of all this privation and misery, the 
men tried to be cheerful. They did not indulge in murmuring 
or fault-finding, for they knew that all that w 7 as possible was 
being done for them. Accordingly they suffered, without 
complaining, in the hope of better times soon to come. 

Rosecrans perfected a plan for restoring communications 
by opening the Tennessee river from Bridgeport to Brown's 
Ferry, near Chattanooga. He had issued the necessary orders 
to carry it into effect, when on October nineteenth he received 
an order relieving him and putting General Thomas in com- 
mand. The same night. General Thomas directed General 
Hooker, at Bridgeport, to be ready to obey the order given 
him, in the morning, by General Rosecrans, but Hooker's train 
did not reach him until the twenty sixth. On the next morn- 
ing he crossed the river to the south side, and moved towards 
Chattanooga, in execution of his part of the plan for opening 
the river. 

On the twenty-third General Grant arrived and took com- 
mand there. General Thomas submitted to him General Rose- 
crans' plan for the opening of communications by way of the 
Tennessee river, and thereby relieve the situation then exist- 
ing at Chattanooga. 

As no better plan could be devised, General Grant approved 
it. After which, by order of General Thomas, the plan 
was successfully carried into effect, precisely in the manner 
and by the identical officers and troops designated in General 



138 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Rosecrans' orders issued prior to the coming of General 
Grant. 

Thus it will be readily seen, that the presence of Grant at 
Chattanooga, had absolutely no bearing or influence whatever, 
upon the opening of the "Cracker line," and again giving the 
army abundant supplies. 

The same results would have been obtained at the same 
time, regardless of the whereabouts of General Grant. 

While the command was in Chattanooga, it performed the 
ordinary routine duties incident to camp and field. Nothing 
of special importance occurred. Almost daily the Confeder- 
ates threw a few shells into the camp from Lookout Mountain. 
To this the men became so accustomed, that they paid no at- 
tention to them. But rarely did they waste ammunition in 
replying to it. 

On the afternoon of September twenty-fifth, Colonel Erdel- 
meyer, of the Thirty-second Indiana, was directed to relieve 
the third brigade with details from the first and second bri- 
gades, amounting in all to six hundred men. About seven 
o'clock the pickets were suddenly attacked by a considerable 
force of the enemy which had been concealed along the north 
bank of Chattanooga creek. So sudden and fierce an attack 
caused some confusion, which was, however, only momentary. 
The Confederates had been ordered to charge the Union lines, 
and came within twenty-five yards of the works, under a 
heavy fire. There they gave way, retiring in confusion across 
the creek. Other Confederate troops then began firing from 
their positions in the woods, and continued it for about three 
hours, when all again became quiet. This affair was for a 
time, very spirited. The enemy's attack was very daring, and 
they fought well. After the first attack, the relief detail, 
acting coolly and judiciously, poured into the enemy such vol- 
leys as they could not withstand. The Seventy-seventh Penn- 
sylvania and the Thirty-second Indiana played the most con- 
spicuous part in this affair, as the attack was on their imme- 
diate front. Their loss was only three, slightly wounded. 
The enemy's known loss was four killed, and sixteen wounded. 

On October tenth, General Rosecrans published an order 
relieving Generals McCook,and Crittenden from command and 
directing that the Twentieth and Twenty-first corps be con- 



Chattanooga. L39 

solidated, to be known thereafter as the Fourth corps, with 
General Gordon Granger in command. In this reorganization 
it was the misfortune of the second brigade to be almost en- 
tirely dismembered. The Twenty-ninth Indiana was assigned 
to Cruft's brigade, of Stanley's division; the Thirty-fourth Illi- 
nois, to Morgan's brigade, of Davis' division, and the Seventy- 
ninth Illinois, to Harker's brigade, of Sheridan's division. 
The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and the Thirtieth Indiana 
were both assigned to the third brigade, which was com- 
manded by Colonel Win. Grose, of Stanley's first division, 
Fourth corps. 

On October twenty-fourth the first and third brigades of 
the first division, with the Fifth Indiana battery, all under 
General Craft, were ordered to march, at two o'clock the 
next morning, on the north side of the river, for Rankin's 
Ferry. There they were to guard a pontoon bridge, and to 
co-operate with General Hooker, who had been ordered to the 
same point, by the south side of the river. The march over 
Walden's Eidge was on roads that were barely passable. 
As a heavy rain was falling, the march was tedious and most 
difficult. The column encamped about two miles from the 
top of the hill and eight miles from Chattanooga. The artil- 
lery could not get up the mountain until sometime the next 
day. On the twenty-sixth the troops encamped on the crest 
of the mountain; on the twenty-seventh, at Prigmore's, at the 
foot of the mountain, in the Sequatchie Valley. On the morn- 
ing of the twenty-eighth, the command was set in motion, in 
a drenching rain, for Eankin's Ferry. 

On the twenty-ninth a steam tug drawing two barges, 
loaded with provisions for General Hooker, came up the river. 
Their arrival was hailed with joy, as it showed that the river 
was open, and gave assurance that all suffering at Chatta- 
nooga, for lack of supplies, was at an end. The command, 
pursuant to orders, crossed the river at Shellmound, joining 
General Hooker and camping there for the night. On the 
thirty-first the third brigade moved to Whiteside. On the 
morning of the twenty-third of November, pursuant to orders, 
the brigade commenced their march to Lookout Valley, and 
there reported to General Hooker for orders. 

The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, Thirtieth Indiana and 

10 



140 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Battery II, Fourth United States Artillery were left at White- 
side to hold the place. The other regiments of the brigade 
duly reached General Hooker, and took part in the battle of 
Lookout Mountain. The regiment remained at Whiteside, 
and there on January 5, 1864, about three-fourths of the men 
re-enlisted as veteran volunteers. 

On Tuesday. January twenty-sixth, that part of the regi- 
ment which had been re-enlisted, having been given veteran 
furloughs, started in a body for Pennsylvania. Arriving at 
Pittsburg at noon on February twelfth, they dispersed to 
their respective homes. 



77/ c Atlanta Campaign. 141 



CIIA1TKH VIII. 



Kegimc.it returns and .joins the Army at Blue Spring, Tennessee — Atlanta 
Campaign — Colonel Rose returns from Prison. 



ON Saturday, March twenty-seventh, the furloughs having 
expired, the regiment, which had beeu re-assembled at 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania for several days, left there to 
again join the army at the front, going by railway to Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. At Pittsburg, the veterans had been joined 
by a large number of recruits who had been enlisted for the 
Seventy-seventh, for a term of three years. After some con- 
siderable detention at Nashville, on April fifth the regiment 
started on a march through Murfreesborough and Chatta- 
nooga, joining the brigade at Blue Springs, near Cleveland, 
Tennessee, on the twenty-fourth. Preparations had already 
been almost completed for the Atlanta campaign, and, in less 
than a fortnight after rejoining its command, the regiment 
moved southward with the army, iu pursuit of the enemy. 

At the opening of the Atlanta campaign, the regiment, in 
command of Captain J. J. Lawson, inarched with the brigade, 
from its camp at Blue Springs, to Red Clay, on the Georgia 
line, and camped for the night. On May fourth, after some 
skirmishing it reached Catoosa Springs, Georgia. It rested 
there for two days. On May seventh the regiment marched 
with the corps, drove the enemy from Tunnel Hill, Georgia, 
and took possession of it. Then for several days the brigade 
advanced, ineffectually endeavoring to drive the enemy from 
Rocky Face Ridge, in its front. The brigade's position was on 
the left of the rail and wagon roads, leading through Buz- 
zard's Roost Gap, on the Dalton road. The enemy had 
strongly fortified the pass, and the high ridge on cither side. 
Their position was impregnable. On the ninth, at midnight, 
the regiment went on picket, and on the tenth, it skirmished 
all dav, having three men wounded. 



142 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

On the eleventh, the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania and the 
Thirtieth Indiana moved unto a ridge, commanding Mill Creek 
Gap, and threw up rifle-pits. The loss of the brigade here, 
in its attack on Rocky Face Ridge, was about forty men. 
Finally, a portion of the Union army having passed the ridge 
farther south, on the morning of the thirteenth, it was found 
that the enemy had retreated from the front of the brigade. 
Then the command moved, in pursuit, on the Dalton road, and 
at nine o'clock in the morning, came up with the rear guard 
of the enemy. Skirmishing at once commenced. The Confed- 
erates were driven through Dalton and pursued. About noon, 
three miles south of Dalton on the Resaca road, the enemy 
drew up in line upon a high, wooded hill. On the Union ap- 
proach, their artillery opened. A heavj- artillery duel ensued, 
as soon as the Federal batteries could be placed in position. 
The enemy was quickly driven away. The advance continued 
a few miles to the right into Sugar Valley, where the regiment 
camped in line, with the corps for the night. Early on 
the morning of May fourteenth, the corps moved forward 
about two miles, toward the enemy's position at Resaca, on 
the right bank of the Oostenaula river. About noon the bri- 
gade came upon the enemy in position, about three miles from 
the river. The country was rough and hilly, being mainly 
woodland with thick underbrush. Here and there were a few 
small farms. The brigade was formed with the Seventy-sev- 
enth Pennsylvania in the front line. The ground was too 
rough for artillery to move over. The regiment was on the 
extreme left of the line. At two o'clock it advanced, drove 
the enemy from the woods, formed there again and were or- 
dered to halt. Fighting continued until night, and darkness 
put a stop to it. The regiment had one officer. Captain S. T. 
Davis, and one enlisted man wounded. At that time Captain 
Davis was acting Assistant Inspector General on the Staff of 
General William Grose. 

On the fifteenth the fighting commenced again at daylight, 
and continued all day. The enemy lost heavily in prisoners 
and artillery, and was obliged to retreat during the night, 
leaving most of their dead and wounded on the field. The Sev- 
enty-seventh lost three men, wounded. On May sixteenth the 
regiment moved at six o'clock in the morning into and through 



The Atlanta Campaign. 143 

Resaca, and a1 four P. M., crossed the river, marched four 

miles in pursuit of the enemy and camped near Calhoun. 

On May seventeenth the regiment marched eight miles, and 
encamped near Adairsville. It resumed marching on the eigh- 
teenth at six o'clock in the morning, passing through Adairs- 
ville. Six miles farther on some skirmishing took place. That 
night camp was pitched on the Kingston road. On May nine- 
teenth, the command marched at six o'clock in the morning, 
came up with the enemy's rear guard, skirmished with them, 
and drove them into their trenches, on a high ridge southeast 
of Cassville. In this skirmish the regiment lost one man 
killed and three wounded. The command rested at Cassville 
until the twenty-third of May, and then marched across the 
Etowah river, to the right of the Atlanta road and encamped 
at Euharlee. On the twenty-fourth, at six A. M., the com- 
mand marched fifteen miles to Burnt Hickory and encamped. 
On the twenty-fifth, after marching eight miles toward Dallas, 
crossed Pumpkin Vine creek, and rested in the rear of the 
Twentieth corps, commanded by General Hooker. 

On the twenty-sixth the command moved into position on 
left of the Twentieth corps, pressed close upon the enemy's 
lines, and fortified four miles north of Dallas. On the twenty- 
seventh, the position was changed to the left, relieving 
Wood's division. There was sharp fighting all day, in which 
the regiment lost one man, killed, and three wounded. On 
the twenty-ninth an all-day skirmish cost the regiment four 
men wounded. Skirmishing continued on the thirtieth with 
an additional loss of two wounded. The regiment had 
another man wounded the next day. On June first the fight- 
ing continued, and a Seventy-seventh man was killed. One 
lean was wounded on the second, and two more on the third. 
As the enemy had retreated during the night, the regiment, 
on the fourth, moved at daylight, to the left. On the sixth, 
the regiment marched east with the corps, ten miles to within 
two and one-half miles of Acworth, where it rested until June 
tenth. 

Having escaped from Libby Prison, been re-captured and ex- 
changed, Colonel Thomas E. Bese returned to the Seventy- 
seventh, and resumed command of it on the seventh of June, 
lxi'-l. On tie 1 tenth, the regimen! moved about four miles 



144 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

southeast, and found the enemy in a strong position on Pine 
Mountain. Skirmishing began here at once and continued 
until the night of the thirteenth. The Seventy-seventh was 
on the second line and was not engaged. On the thirteenth 
it moved one mile to the left, and threw up intrenchments dur- 
ing the night. The same night the enemy retreated. On the 
fourteenth after a pursuit of two miles the regiment found 
the Confederates in strong force and strongly fortified. Here 
the Seventy-seventh had one man wounded. Skirmishing con- 
tinued on the fifteenth and sixteenth, one being wounded on 
the latter day. The enemy again withdrew during the night. 
Next day, after a pursuit of about two miles the Confederates 
were found again, and driven from fortifications on Kenesaw 
Mountains and adjacent hills, the regimental loss being one 
officer and seven men wounded, and two men killed. 

On the twentieth the regiment laid in front of Kenesaw all 
day, without sustaining any loss. Next day it moved for- 
ward to the right, and was opened upon by two Confederate 
batteries. A new line of works was thrown up, this being 
the third line which the regiment constructed in its front 
within twenty-four hours. The loss was one man killed and 
two wounded. On the twenty-second the works were com- 
pleted and afforded perfect protection to the men and conse- 
quently there were no casualties. After dark the regiment 
moved close to the enemy and fortified. A man was wounded 
on the twenty-fourth, and two more on the twenty-sixth. In 
the general assault, made on the twenty-seventh, the regiment 
lost one killed and one wounded, and next day an officer and 
two men were wounded. On the twenty-ninth the dead were 
buried under a flag of truce. During the night the enemy 
attacked, but were repulsed. The regiment lost three men 
wounded. 

Heavy skirmishing and artillery fire was kept up on both 
sides until the night of July second. Then, under cover of 
darkness, the enemy evacuated Kenesaw Mountain and 
Marietta and retreated. 

On the third the regiment moved forward with the brigade. 
through Marietta and five miles beyond Smyrna, where the 
enemy was found, on the Atlanta road, strongly fortified. 
The fourth was celebrated by charging the enemy's works 



The Atlanta Campaign. 1-i.j 

at eleven in the morning, capturing their rifle pits and a huge 
number of prisoners, and killing- and wounding a large number 
of Confederates. The regimental loss was one killed and one 
officer and seventeen wounded. During the night the enemy 
withdrew four miles to the Chattahoochie river. The next 
morning at daybreak the enemy was pursued to the river, the 
regiment camping that night 011 the river bank, one mile to 
the left of Vining station. Skirmishing continued across the 
river, until the tenth, when the regiment marched five miles 
up the river, and rested until the twelfth. Then the command 
crossed the river on canvas pontoons, and moving down the 
river to Power's Terry, camped in front of the Twentj^-third 
corps, on a high bluff, overlooking the river. The regiment 
moved seven miles to near Buckhead on the eighteenth, ad- 
vancing at eleven A. M. the next day to Peach Tree Creek. 
Intrenchments were thrown up on the south side of the creek. 
Some skirmishing followed without any regimental casualties. 
The fortified position of the enemy was attacked, and his rifie- 
pits carried on the twentieth. The brigade captured forty- 
three prisoners and the regiment had two men wounded. The 
following morning at sunrise the Seventy-seventh moved for- 
ward to the skirmish line and threw up works under a heavy 
fire, one officer and four men being wounded. During the 
night the enemy silently stole away. 

Pursuit was resumed at three A. M. on the twenty-second, 
the Sevent3-seventh being in advance. In a heavy fog, the 
command came upon the eneui}' quite abruptly at sunrise. 
It was quickly drawn up in line and after a sharp engagement 
drove the hostile force off. Fortifications were then built 
within two miles of Atlanta, and within a half mile of one of 
their forts, after a regimental loss of four wounded. Daily 
skirmishes followed. On the twenty-sixth a sharp engage- 
ment took place, resulting in the advance of the Union skir- 
mish line, during which three more were wounded. The bri- 
gade charged upon the enemy's works on the fifth of August, 
but was repulsed with a loss of thirty-six. The loss of the 
Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania was the heaviest, consisting of 
one officer, Captain John E. Walker, and five men killed, and 
fourteen men wounded. 

On August seventeenth the regiment changed ils position 



146 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

from the right to the extreme left of the brigade, with a loss 
of three wounded. On the twenty-fifth the regiment moved 
seven miles to the right and camped at Proctor's creek. On 
the next day it continued its move to the right about eight 
miles, passing the Army of the Tennessee and the Fourteenth 
corps. On the twenty-eighth it continued its move about 
three miles, and camped near Red Oak Station on the West 
Point Railroad. On the next day the regiment assisted in 
the destruction of a large portion of the railroad. On the 
thirtieth it moved about five miles southeast, and encamped 
in a dense woods, near Shoal creek. On the thirty-first it 
moved early in the morning, about five miles to near the 
Macon railroad. 

On September first the destruction of that railroad began. 
The regiment moved down the railroad, destroying it as they 
went, until the command came to near Jonesborough, where a 
line of battle was formed to advance upon the enemy, who 
were strongly fortified at that .place. The regiment was on the 
extreme right of the brigade, where it advanced through a 
dense thicket, for about half a mile, close to the enemy's line. 
There slight works were thrown up under a heavy fire of 
musketry and artillery, which wounded two men. During 
the night the enemy retired. On the second the command 
moved down the railroad to Lovejoy station, where it again 
encountered the enemy. The regiment was in reserve here, 
and met with no casualties. 

On the third, the Seventy-seventh Penns3'lvania was moved 
to the front, relieving another regiment of the brigade. As 
the Seventy-seventh was larger than the regiment it relieved, 
it was necessary to extend the works to cover their entire 
front. As soon as the fog lifted the enemy opened with 
musketry and artillery upon the regiment, keeping up the fire 
until the works were completed. Lieutenant R. H. Thomp- 
son was killed, Major Philips lost an arm and eleven men were 
wounded. On the fifth the regiment withdrew to Jonesbor- 
ough. On the seventh it moved to Rough and Ready, and next 
day to Atlanta, encamping about two miles east of that city. 

Thus ended the most eventful and successful campaign of 
the war. The Confederates were driven from Daltou, their 
stronghold, over rivers and mountains. Their naturalh 



The Atlanta Campaign. 147 

strong positions, one alter another, yielded to the force of the 
Union arms, until the "Gate City," Atlanta, at last fell into 
possession of the Federal armies. 

The total loss of the Seventy-seventh in the eventful cam- 
paign was two officers and seven men killed, six officers and 
seventy-seven men wounded, and three men missing, an ag- 
gregate loss of ninety-five. 

The Atlanta Campaign, for long continued tenacious fight- 
ing stands unparalleled in history, ancient or modern. 

The first skirmish of the campaign took place on the fourth 
day of May, and from that time on, for more than four 
months, or to be more precise, until the eighth day of Septem- 
ber, there was one continuous struggle, over territory more 
than one hundred and fifty miles in extent, and during all that 
time there was hardly a single day that there was not fight- 
ing — sometimes reaching the proportions of great battles — 
going on somewhere along the lines. 

Those four battle months were indeed a great school for the 
soldier; the men who joined the regiment as raw recruits at 
the beginning of the campaign, were at its close, well seasoned 
soldiers, the equal of any soldiers to be found anywhere in the 
civilized world. 

Four months of incessant toil and fighting, almost without 
rest day or night, over a rugged mountainous country, in a 
semi-tropical climate, during the hottest, most sultry part of 
the year, was indeed a most severe test of the physical en- 
durance of the strongest and most robust nature. 

Imagine an army of young men, under such conditions, in 
the face of a determined and valiant foe, toiling up the rugged 
sides of the mountains, fighting every step of their way up 
the rocky slopes, from crag to crag, and in many places, where 
horses could get no foothold, dragging up the cannon by 
hand, often more than a score of men tugging with all their 
strength, at a single gun, and all this under the hail of shot 
and shell coming from the foe. 

It was not enough to merely drive the enemy from his posi- 
tions, the ground gained by day, had to be secured by night, 
when the tired weary men, almost worn out by the day's ex- 
ertions, instead of lying down to refreshing sleep, nature's 
sweet restorer to gain the much needed rest, were obliged 



14S Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

to dig up the earth with the only implement at hand — the bay- 
onet — and construct defensive works to shelter themselves 
,from the storm of death dealing missiles that were sure to 
come from the enemy with the following day. Thus it went 
on from the beginning of the campaign to its close; driving 
the enemy, day after day from one position to another, it is 
true sometimes slowly, but always surely, meeting with the 
most stubborn resistance at every point, but always gaining 
the point aimed at. 

Portions of the army, alternately, at different times, would 
get short periods of rest, but such rests the men were 
obliged to snatch when not on duty, either on the picket or 
skirmish line, or in the trenches on fatigue duty, were conse- 
quently like Angels visits — few and far between — and taken 
altogether, would amount to very few days during the entire 
four months. 

Yet, notwithstanding all the privations and hardships, 
there was no faultfinding or grumbling, and the men were 
always cheerful, and as soon as one duty was performed were 
ready for the next one; it was well for the country that such 
was the case; such willingness to do their duty on the part 
of the men, was a sure precursor of final victory. 

The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, always at the front, 
endured its full measure — shaken together, pressed down and 
running over — of all the hardships of this campaign, and the 
men were as cheerful and happy under all circumstances, as 
those of any other command in the army. 



In Pursuit of Hood. 149 



CHAPTER IX. 



Confederates move Northward — Thomas sent to Nashville— Spring Hill — 
Battle of Franklin — Battle of Nashville — In Pursuit of the Enemy — 
Winter quarters at Huntsville. 



FOUR days after the fall of Atlanta, Jefferson Davis tele- 
graphed to General Hood that reinforcements would 
be sent to him from every available part of the South- 
ern Confederacy, even from Texas, and that he must get 
ready to move into Tennessee. He commenced preparations 
accordingly, at once, and, by the end of September, his army 
was in motion for Sherman's rear, and had captured the gar- 
risons at Acworth, Big Shanty, Dalton and Tilton. 

On September twenty-fifth Sherman found that Hood's 
troops were in his rear, threatening his communications. To 
provide against this Sherman sent a division to Chattanooga, 
and one to Rome, Georgia, supposing that Hood would fall 
back in the direction from which he, Hood, had come, to 
reach the railroad. 

On September twenty-eighth Sherman sent Major General 
Thomas, his second in command, to Nashville to organize the 
new troops expected to arrive there, and to make arrangements 
to meet the enemy, giving Thomas full power over all troops, 
subject to Sherman's command, except the four corps with 
which he designed to move through Georgia. This gave 
Thomas two divisions under A. J. Smith, in Missouri; the 
Fourth and Twenty-third corps; all the garrisons in Tennes- 
see, and a considerable force of cavalry, which was badly in 
need of horses. These forces, General Sherman thought, 
would enable Thomas successfully to cope with Hood and the 
whole Confederate army that had confronted Sherman's en- 
tire army throughout the Atlanta campaign. 

On the first of October it was definitely known that Hood, 
with his army had crossed the Chattahoochee and was mov- 
ing; northward. 



150 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

On the third, the regiment with the Fourth corps, moved 
out from Atlanta in pursuit of the enemy, being the leading- 
corps of the Union army. The route in following Hood, led 
first to Marietta; thence via Tine Top and Lost mountain, to 
Allatoona and Kingston; from Kingston to Rome, where, 
finding that Hood had struck the railroad north of Resaca, 
the corps marched to Resaca, and with the Fourteenth 
corps, crossed Rocky Face Mountain, just north of Snake 
Creek Gap, compelling the enemy to relinquish his hold ou 
that pass. 

Thence the course followed in the pursuit led through 
Ship's Gap and down the Chattanooga Valley to Gaylesville, 
Alabama, where the corps arrived on October twentieth. 

Sherman, having followed to Gaylesville, finding that he 
could not bring the enemy to a stand and give battle, he 
turned back with his army to Atlanta. Before doing so, he 
on the twenty-sixth of October, ordered the Fourth corps to 
proceed to Chattanooga, staling that the commander of the 
corps (General Stanley) would there receive instructions from 
General Thomas, commanding the Department of the Cum- 
berland, regulating its future movements. By rapid marches 
it reached Rossville, four miles south of Chattanooga on the 
night of the twenty-ninth. 

In the evening an order was received by telegraph, from 
General Thomas, directing the corps to proceed by railway 
to Athens, Alabama, as early as possible. Early on the morn- 
ing of the thirtieth it moved into Chattanooga to take the 
cars. At five in the afternoon of November first, at Athens, 
orders were received to move to Pulaski, Tennessee, imme- 
diately. The regiment moved at daylight on November sec- 
ond, with the brigade in advance of the division, marched to 
and crossed Elk river at sundown, encamping one mile be- 
yond. On the third the regiment marched, in turn, in the 
rear of the division to Pulaski. 

By November fourth, the three divisions of the corps, less 
one brigade, which was escorting the artillery and trains, 
were concentrated at Pulaski. Here an elaborate system of 
field works was laid out, a certain portion of which was 
assigned to each division, and ground was immediately broken 
in their construction. The work was vigorously continued. 



Pulaski and Columbia. 151 

notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, till the works 
were completed, by which time they were practically impreg- 
nable. The Fourth corps could easily have held them against 
Hood's entire arm v. The trains and artillery of the corps 
reached Pulaski on the twelfth. 

Information was received and corroborated, thai the enemy 
was in force on the north side of the Tennessee river, and was 
preparing to advance. The vital questions were, what route 
would he take, and where would the blow fall? On the thir- 
teenth of November, General Schofield, with a part of the 
twenty-third corps, arrived at Pulaski. On the following day 
he assumed command of all the forces there. Information 
received from the fourteenth to the twenty-second, was that 
the enemy had not only successfully crossed the river, but 
was moving northward toward Lawrenceburg, and thence 
probably to Columbia. The first and third divisions of the 
fourth corps, with the trains and artillery moved to Lynn- 
ville during the afternoon of the twenty-third. That night 
information was received that the enemy was rapidly moving 
toward Columbia. The corps was put in motion at one A. M. 
of the twenty-fourth, and two divisions of it were concen- 
trated at Columbia by noon of that day, having marched a dis- 
tance of twenty miles. The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, 
with the first division which had marched in the rear of the 
train and artillery, arrived during the evening and went into 
position on the left of the corps. The twenty-third corps was 
in position on the right. 

By nightfall of the twenty-fifth a strong line of intrench- 
ments had been constructed. During that night the first and 
second divisions were actively engaged in constructing an 
interior line of intrenchments. Just before daylight, on the 
twenty-sixth, the enemy, in force, attacked the Union pickets, 
and forced them back a considerable distance. Ke-inforce- 
ments w r ere promptly brought up. The enemy in turn was 
driven back, and the picket line restored to its former posi- 
tion. No further effort was made by the enemy to molest 
this position, so long as tin 1 Union forces occupied the south 
bank of Duck river. On the twenty-seventh, which was a 
dark, dreary, cheerless day, the reserve artillery and trans- 
portation was passed to the north bank of the river. At five 



152 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

P. M. the artillery was withdrawn from the front line and 
sent across, and at seven o'clock the infantry commenced to 
cross. The pickets came last. Then the bridges were de- 
stroyed. The crossing was made about two miles below the 
town. 

The enemy evidently did not discover the movement, as 
there was no interruption. On the evening of the twenty- 
eight information was received that the enemy were crossing 
the river, some five miles above the Union left. At eight 
o'clock the next morning the Seventy-seventh, with the first 
and second divisions, moved toward Spring Hill. All the 
artillery that could be spared, and all trains and ambulances 
were ordered to follow to Spring Hill. It was apprehended 
that the enemy might make a flank attack upon the position 
of the Union force between Duck river and Rutherford creek. 
Accordingly the first division was halted, and posted so as 
to cover the crossing of the creek. 

Up to this time it was thought that the opposing force was 
only Confederate cavalry, but a dispatch from General Scho- 
field stated that the enemy had crossed the river. This left 
no doubt that the divisions were now confronted by a much 
superior force of hostile infantry. About the same time an 
attack w r as made by Confederate cavalry, at Thompson's Sta- 
tion, three miles toward Franklin, upon a small wagon train, 
which had passed on. Simultaneously, Confederate cavalry 
appeared to the west and threatened the station at Spring 
Hill. Thus the Union force was hemmed in and threatened 
on all sides. 

As night closed in, the enemy could be seen rapidly extend- 
ing his lines, and, by eight o'clock, it was evident that at least 
a corps of Hood's army was formed in line of battle, facing 
the turnpike and less than a half mile from it. The pickets 
reported that they had seen Confederate columns passing to 
the east to get possession of the hills at Thompson's Station. 
Then the anxious question arose whether a way could be 
forced through to Franklin. General Schofield pushed on 
with one division and found that the enemy had made no at- 
tempt to hold the road. It was now eleven o'clock at night, 
another division, that had just arrived from Columbia, pushed 
on at once for Franklin. From a Confederate officer of Cle- 



Spring Hill 153 

burne's division it was learned that the corps in front of the 
Union forces was Cheatham's. 

The second division got through with some skirmishing. 
So close were the enemy that it was difficult for a Staff officer 
or orderly to get through, when a column of troops was not 
passing. The Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania, with the first 
division, covered the retreat to Spring Hill. This movement 
was protracted and much drawn out by the delay in crossing 
Rutherford's creek, over which there was no sufficient bridge. 
The third division arrived at Spring Hill about midnight, 
passed rapidly and silently through the village and took a 
position about one mile to the north, on the east of and 
parallel with the road, to cover the movement of the trains 
out of Spring Hill and towards Franklin. During the day Gen- 
eral Grose again took command of the third brigade. 

The trains commenced pulling out, at one o'clock, on the 
morning of the thirtieth. Including ambulances and artillery 
the wagons numbered about eight hundred. At the very 
start they had to pass singly over a bridge, and it w T as ex- 
ceedingly doubtful whether the train could be put on the road 
before daylight. While this work was in progress the first 
division came up, passed rapidly through the village, and 
moved on as a convoy to the trains. It was highly necessary 
to move silently and rapidly so as to avoid a night attack 
from Cheatham, who was encamped on the east within six 
hundred yards of the road. The embarrassment was greatly 
increased by the great number of wagons, etc., which had to 
be protected and quietly withdrawn. By five o'clock on the 
morning of the thirtieth the whole train had been put on the 
road, and the rear had passed a mile north of Spring Hill. In 
the night march past this place the regiment was the rear 
guard of the army. This w T as an exceedingly hazardous posi- 
tion, particularly during that march past the Confeder- 
ate camps, as at any time during the night, had they been 
more alert, the enemy could easily have swung a column 
across the road, cut the Union army in two and captured a 
large part of it. The Seventy-seventh being in the rear and 
the very last to pass the hostile camp, would surely have been 
taken. Fortunately, just about the break of day the last of 
the column had safely passed Spring Hill, when the Confeder- 



154 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ate cavalry made a very spirited dash on the wagon train. 
The regiment at once formed in line of battle and soon re- 
pelled the attack, driving the enemy off, without suffering 
any loss. Forming again in marching column, the regiment 
reached Franklin about ten o'clock in the morning of the 
thirtieth. 

On arriving at Franklin, the Twenty-third corps was sta- 
tioned in the suburbs of the town, with its left resting on the 
Harpeth river above the town, and its right extending across 
and west of the turnpike. The first division of the Fourth 
corps arrived about nine o'clock, and was posted on the right 
of the Twenty-third corps, with its right on the river below 
the town. The trains were all crossed over to the north side 
of the river. 

Intrenchments were at once thrown up all along the line, 
and every preparation was made to repel an attack from the 
enemy. At eleven in the morning Colonel Eose was ordered 
to report the Seventy-seventh for picket duty. Having 
marched all night and skirmished with the enemy early in the 
morning, the men were very tired, and it was therefore per- 
haps half an hour before the order could be complied with. 
The regiment was marched out and posted by General Grose 
himself, about a mile from Franklin to the right of the turn- 
pike leading to Centreville. Here the regiment covered the 
entire front of the brigade adjoining on the left the pickets 
of Rogers' division, and on the right the pickets of the second 
brigade. Four companies were put on the front line, at about 
one hundred yard intervals, and the other four companies 
were posted as a reserve about two hundred yards back of the 
centre of this picket line. 

The line was scarcely posted and instructed, when the enemy 
appeared on its front, and picket firing commenced. In a few 
minutes the enemy was seen extending his lines in great force, 
to the Union left and at the same time rapidly encircling the 
light. Then the pickets became hotly engaged. The enemy 
constantly reinforced their skirmishers, but the Seventy-sev- 
enth easily kept them at bay until the line on its left, being 
fiercely assaulted, gave w r ay. The left of the Seventy-seventh 
picket line then gradually began to fall back. The company 
on that portion of the line had been instructed by General 



The Battle of Franklin. 155 

Grose to fall back to the main line when they found that they 
were unable to hold their position, but they were so com- 
pletely turned that they were obliged to fall back on the re- 
serve companies, which they did, in good order, fighting all 
the way. One by one the outpost companies now fell back to 
the reserve, and took their places in the regimental line. 

As soon as they were "formed in their proper places the 
enemy was seen directly in front, advancing in line of battle. 
The regiment opened fire and soon cleared its front. Directly 
it received a heavy fire on the right flank, which killed two 
men and wounded several others. The enemy had already 
passed the left flank of the regiment, when it fell back about 
one hundred yards, faced about, delivered a volley, and then 
quickly changed front to receive the line of gray that was 
coming down on its right. The regiment stopped the enemy 
instantly in that direction, only to find Confederates coming 
up, yelling and firing upon its left, which had been the ori- 
ginal regimental front. The Seventy-seventh then fell back, 
partially in a ravine, and changed front so as to receive them 
in this direction. As the Confederates there were on higher 
ground, and within fifty paces, the volley delivered by the 
regiment produced fearful carnage, and drove the enemy back 
pell mell. The regiment now took shelter behind a fence, 
high and strong, supposed by the men to be a cattle corral. 
Colonel Rose, being on horseback, could not pass over the 
fence as quickly as his men, and was almost caught by the 
Confederates, who were coming down the ravine in great 
force. He was almost completely hemmed in when some of 
his men came to his assistance, and brought him in safety 
across the fence. The fire of the enemy was so hot and their 
force so much superior that the regiment was obliged to fall 
back in slight confusion. Order was quickly restored and 
fire again opened upon the Confederates, but it was weak, 
compared with their previous fire, as most of the men were 
out of ammunition. 

Soon they had all fired their last cartridge, and were or- 
dered back to the breastworks to replenish their ammuni- 
tion. After which the regiment. again started for the front, 
but was ordered by General Grose to remain in reserve. It 
took no further active part in the battle of Franklin, in which 
11 



156 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

it lost two men killed, fifteen wounded and two missing. The 
other six regiments of the third brigade sustained a total loss 
of eighteen, killed, wounded and missing. The total loss of 
the entire brigade was thirty-seven, of which more than one- 
half was in the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania. 

The results of this battle were so disastrous to the Confed- 
erate cause that there was no longer any doubt about the suc- 
cessful withdrawal of the Union troops to Nashville, and the 
concentration there with Thomas. To prepare for such with- 
drawal, the trains were started before nightfall of the thir- 
tieth. At midnight the troops on the south side of the river 
began to withdraw, and cross to the north side. This was 
rapidly and successfully accomplished. The enemy probably 
suspected the movement, but was not in condition to inter- 
fere. By three o'clock on the morning of December first, all 
the troops had crossed the river, and the bridges were fired. 

As soon as the destruction of the bridges was assured, the 
last division withdrew, and by four o'clock the whole column 
was on the road, moving toward Nashville. On reaching 
Brentwood, nine miles north of Franklin, they halted an hour 
to let the men cook and eat breakfast, after which the march 
was resumed. The rear of the column reached Nashville at 
one o'clock that afternoon, where the Fourth corps was re- 
ported to General Thomas, and by him, assigned to its posi- 
tion. On the second the enemy appeared on the Union front. 

The brigade threw T up a line of earthworks, and was then 
ordered to another position, where it erected strong works. 
On the third the enemy advanced with skirmishers and drove 
in the Union pickets, who in turn drove the skirmishers back, 
re-occupying their former positions. On the eighth the Con- 
federates again drove the pickets out of their line of works, 
which were then charged upon and retaken. In this affair the 
regiment had two men of Company A wounded, the one mor- 
tally, the other one slightly. At daylight on the fifteenth, 
the brigade moved from its position near the Franklin pike, 
to the right of the Hillsborough pike. The Seventy-seventh 
was on picket at the time, but it followed the brigade near 
noon, as soon as it was relieved from picket duty. It was 
then placed in reserve, and was not actively engaged that day. 

On the sixteenth the regiment was placed on the second 



The Battle of Nashville. 157 

line of the brigade, but was soon ordered to the front line. 
It then advanced to assault the enemy's works. The ground 
in front of the brigade was mostly farm land. Running ob- 
liquely across it was a ravine, which had to be crossed to 
reach the enemy's lines. A little after noon an assault was 
ordered, and the whole line advanced. The enemy's skirmish- 
ers were soon driven to their outpits and first works, which 
were assaulted and carried. On gaining these works, it was 
observed that the second division, which was on the left, was 
moving beyond to the enemy's main line, which was about 
four hundred yards to the front. The brigade was then or- 
dered forward, but as it started, it was discovered that the 
line on its right was not moving. The regiments to the right 
of the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania were therefore halted, 
as they could not advance without encountering a severe flank 
fire. 

The Seventj'-seventh, however, moved forward to the right 
of the second division, and to within a few paces of the 
enemy's main works. The second division being repulsed, the 
Seventy-seventh also fell back to the first line gained, which 
was strengthened and held under a severe fire from the 
enemy's main line. The brigade, however, was safely shel- 
tered, and ready for the next move, which came about four 
o'clock that afternoon. To the right the fighting w T as very 
severe, the assault soon extending all along the lines, as the 
engagement became general. The enemy's lines were soon 
carried with many prisoners and all the artillery in the works. 

In this assault the Seventy-seventh was actively engaged 
in the front line where it captured one gun and many men 
from one of the batteries from which it had suffered severely 
while advancing. Lieutenant Alexander T. Baldwin was 
killed in the first charge. The brigade moved forward of all 
the other troops, on the right of the Franklin pike, and at 
nightfall its skirmishers covered the mountain pass at Brent- 
wood. Early the next morning the pursuit was continued, 
with the brigade in the front, and was kept up as far as 
Franklin. On the eighteenth the command again pushed for- 
ward but without encountering the enemy. On the nine- 
teenth it moved to Butherford's creek, and began building a 
bridge, which was completed the next day, moving then to 



158 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Duck river. On the evening of the twenty-second the river 
was crossed and Columbia occupied. The pursuit was re- 
sumed the next day through Pulaski and three miles south 
of it. 

On the twenty-fifth and twenty-seventh the command 
moved forward to Sugar creek, reaching Lexington, Alabama, 
where it encamped. On January 1st, 1865, the command 
reached Elk river during the afternoon, and commenced build- 
ing a bridge. Next day work on the* bridge continued, and 
rafts were constructed on which part of the troops crossed 
the river. The bridge was finished on the third, and the rest 
of the brigade crossed over and marched to Athens, where it 
arrived at sunset. At ten o'clock, on the morning of the fifth, 
it reached Huntsville, camping about a mile east of the town, 
where it built comfortable quarters.' 

The Confederate army having been driven back across the 
Tennessee river, and so completely scattered that it could 
not be again brought together, its commander, General Hood, 
on January twenty-third, relinquished the command of what 
had been the Army of the Tennessee. Thus ended Hood's at- 
tempt to carry the war back into Tennessee. The battle of 
Nashville effectually put a stop to all further ambitions on 
his part. 

The loss of the Seventy-seventh in the battle of Nashville 
was one officer killed and fifteen men wounded. It was the 
last battle in which the regiment was engaged. So the regi- 
ment ended its fighting career, as it had begun it, by the cap- 
ture of a part of a battery and fifty-one men from the enemy 
at Nashville, its last fight, just as it took a section of a bat- 
tery and a considerable number of prisoners at Shiloh, its 
first fight. Thus Nashville came as a fitting climax to its 
fighting. 

The total losses of the regiment in all the engagements, in 
which it participated, in killed, wounded and missing were 
in excess of three hundred and sixty. Yet up to this time, 
which was the end of the regiment's fighting career, it never 
had more than eight companies. 

Two hundred and twelve of these were killed and wounded, 
those missing or captured nearly all died in Confederate pri- 
sons, principally at Andersonville. 






Huntsville. 159 

One hundred and eighty-two died from various diseases, in 
camps and hospitals, while many others who were discharged 
on Surgeon's certificates for disabilities and diseases con- 
tracted in service went to their homes to die, of whose deaths 
there is no official record, it is therefore impossible to give 
the exact losses of the regiment. 

The regiment remained in winter quarters at Huntsville 
until the thirteenth of March, when it broke camp and went 
by rail to Knoxville, Tennessee, marching thence to Straw- 
berry Plain, at which place it arrived on the sixteenth. 



160 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



CHAPTER X. 



East Tennessee — Strawberry Plain — Bull's Gap — New Companies join 
the Regiment — Embark at Johnsonville for Texas — New 7 Orleans — Texas 
— Return to Pennsylvania — Discharged January 1G, 1S0G, at Philadelphia. 



ON March 3, 1865, while the regiment was at Huntsville, 
Captain Paul H. Rohrbaeher joined it with ninety-six 
men, who had enlisted for one year. They were or- 
ganized into Company H, and remained with the regiment 
until it was finally mustered out. On the twentieth the regi- 
ment was joined at Strawberry Plain by Company I, com- 
manded by Captain John Bell, and on the following day Cap- 
tain Daniel Shock brought Company F. These were all one 
year men. The old companies had been so greatly reduced in 
numbers, that an order to consolidate some of them was 
issued on the day of Captain Schock's arrival. Consequently 
the men of Company F were transferred to Company A, and 
those of Companies D and E to Company B, thus reducing the 
number of companies in the regiment from eight to five, in 
order to make room for the five new companies of one year 
men, who had just joined or were about to join the command. 
On the twenty-fifth of March the regiment, together with 
the division, marched from Strawberry Plain, arriving at 
Bull's Gap on the afternoon of the twenty-seventh, where, two 
days later, the regiment was joined by a large number of re- 
cruits, and by Company D, under Captain James Shaw, and 
Company E, under Captain Sydney J. Brauff, all one year men. 
The total strength of the regiment was now greater than it 
had ever before been, reaching 1,064 men. 

The regimental camp was about six miles above Bull's Gap 
on the railroad line. Here its principle duties were to watch 
the gap, to chase guerillas and horse thieves, that harbored 
in the Smoky mountains nearby, and to build the railway 
through to Linchburg. Here, on April tenth, Captain W. A. 



New Orleans and Texas. 161 

Robinson, of Company E, who had been captured at Chicka- 

mauga. rejoined the regiment, receiving a very warm recep- 
tion. Three days later he was commissioned Major. On the 
eighteenth the whole division was ordered to Nashville. It 
marched hack to the gap, where on the twenty-first it boarded 
the cars, and arrived at Nashville on the twenty-fourth. 

Major Philips returned to the regiment at Nashville on 
May eleventh. He was suffering greatly from his wounds, 
and left for home on the twenty-fourth. On June tenth, 
Major Robinson was mustered in as Lieutenant Colonel. On 
the eleventh Colonel Rose was placed in command of the bri- 
gade, and Lieutenant Colonel Robinson took command of the 
regiment. On the seventeenth orders were received to move, 
in the morning for New Orleans. A large part of the corps 
had already gone. Accordingly the next day the division 
started by rail, reaching Johnsonville on the Tennessee river 
at three in the afternoon. 

On the nineteenth the regiment embarked on the steamers 
Havana and Idaho. The entire fleet on which the corps was 
embarked, consisting of one hundred steamers, left Johnson- 
ville on the twenty-first. On the twenty-third, David Under- 
coffer, of Company D, fell overboard and was drowned. The 
command arrived at New Orleans on the evening of the 
twenty-fifth. Next day it disembarked about four miles be- 
low the city, and marched to the old battlefield where Gen- 
eral Jackson whipped the British in 1815. Here camp was 
established. The bad water, and the poor, low, marshy camp 
ground caused considerable sickness and many deaths here. 

Great discontent here arose in the corps. The men dis- 
liked the idea of going to Texas at this time of the year, partic- 
ularly as the object of the expedition was not apparent. 
They supposed that it was to enforce the '"Monroe Doctrine," 
and help to drive the French out of Mexico, that being the 
only reason which they could think at all plausible. Every 
one said, the war is over, the Confederate armies have sur- 
rendered, laid down their arms and gone home. The men con- 
tended that they had enlisted only for the War of the Re- 
bellion, and not to fight any foreign foe on foreign soil. This 
feeling caused a great many desertions from the ranks. The 



162 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Seventy-seventh losing from this cause, while at New Orleans, 
about forty of its men, who preferred this manner of avoid- 
ing the trip to Texas. 

The right wing of the regiment under Lieutenant Colonel 
Robinson left camp at New Orleans on July fourteenth, 
passed out into the Gulf of Mexico, and arrived at Metagorda 
Island on the following day. Here lighters had to be waited 
for to take the troops over the bar and up to Indianola. The 
sea was very rough, and the tossing of the anchored boats 
made most of the men sea sick. These conditions continued 
until the twenty-first when the regiment was taken up the 
bay to Indianola. It marched to Greenlake on the night of 
the twenty-sixth, arriving there at daybreak the next morn- 
ing. Here the water was said to be better and the location 
more healthy, but there was much sickness among the men 
as the climate, low swampy ground and bad water caused 
many fevers. Death visited this camp almost daily. 

On August eighth the regiment left camp and marched to 
Victoria. Next morning it marched about four miles north 
of that town, and there established Camp Stanley, where it 
was joined by the left wing of the regiment which arrived 
from New Orleans on September second. In October and 
November the regiment was doing provost duty in Victoria, 
and anxiously awaiting the arrival of orders to be mustered 
out of the service. The muster rolls were finally completed 
and signed on December fifth, 1865, and on the sixth the regi- 
ment left Victoria, arriving at Powder Horn on the seventh. 
There it waited for transports until the twenty-fourth, when 
the men were again afloat on steamers, out on the gulf, and 
this time, homeward bound. 

While in Texas the regiment suffered more from sickness 
and resulting death, than it did in any other year of the war. 

The regiment left fifty-eight of its men buried in New Or- 
leans and in Texas, all of whom had fallen victims to un- 
healthy camp grounds, bad water, and an inhospitable cli- 
mate. Nothing of particular interest transpired on the home- 
ward trip. The men were then all in good spirits and re- 
joicing at the prospect of soon again being home with their 
friends and loved ones. Many of them had been in service 
more than four years, during which they had been home only 



Home Again. 163 

once — on "Veteran Furlough" — It surely was a time for re- 
joicing. They had marched more than 3,500 miles* through 
wind and rain, in winter and summer. 

During its whole term of service the regiment had always 
been at the front. It was never assigned to post duty, nor 
was it ever left behind to guard railroads in the rear. Its 
record as a regiment was made. The war was over, and the 
Rebellion crushed. The Confederates had surrendered and 
were home on parole, never to take up arms again against 
the flag, and the men of the Seventy-seventh were ready to 
drop sword and gun, and again take up their various avoca- 
tions where they had left off in 1861. 

Why should they not rejoice? A happier body of men than 
the veteran survivors of the Seventy-seventh Regiment Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers, homeward bound after more than four 
years of service, has never been seen. Singing, speechmaking 
and story-telling, recalling the interesting and funny inci- 
dents of battle, camp life and campaign filled up the time on 
the steamer, as it made its way up the Mississippi river. 

The regiment arrived at Cairo, Illinois, about the fifth of 
January, 1866, where a train of cars was waiting. Upon it 
men and baggage were put, and started for the north. 
Passing through Cincinnati and Pittsburg they arrived at 
Philadelphia at four o'clock on the morning of January sev- 
enth, which was cold and frosty. The regiment then marched 
to Camp Cadwallader, which was a dreary, cheerless place, 
without fires or shelter. 

The Seventy-seventh was the last Pennsylvania regiment 
in the field, it had apparently been forgotten. Its arrival was 
not expected. The officers said they had not been notified 
of its coming, and, therefore, no preparations had been made 
for its reception. But the men cared little for discomfort, 
having become accustomed to it. They soon built fires and 
made coffee, singing songs and telling stories while waiting 
for the other wing of the regiment, which had not yet arrived. 
In a day or two they came, and in a few hours more were 
ready for the final and most pleasing act in their eventful 
career, the Paymaster having arrived in camp when, on the 
sixteenth of January, 1866, the men were paid off and finally 

*From the Diary of one of the 77th Pa. field officers. 



164 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

discharged from the service. Then they wended their various 
ways and homeward. 

Thus ended their services in the army, leaving the memory 
of many pleasant features connected with those years of 
hardship and danger, and having created and cemented friend- 
ships never to be forgotten, while life endures. 

It was the fortune of the Seventy-seventh to be always 
where the hardest work was to be done, and it was always 
done and well done by them. It came from different parts 
of the state, but was one on the battlefield, and on the 
march. A better or a braver body of men the war did not 
bring out. They were always ready, seldom grumbling — 
always happy when on the march or on duty in camp. It had 
very few skulkers. The men cracked jokes when in the great- 
est danger, and made merry when the shells were flying thick- 
est. The wounded, sick or dying comrade was always ten- 
derly cared for, and the men were always ready to divide 
with a more needy comrade, however meagre their own might 
be. 

War has its sad and its bright features and the contrasts 
some times come thick and fast, but the volunteer soldiers, 
in camp, on the march or in battle, generally managed to make 
the bright side predominate, and it was well that they could 
do so. Otherwise it would have been much harder to keep 
up good discipline among the men, and their army life would 
have been all dark and sad. 



The 77th Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers Participated in the 
Following Engagements, besides Numerous other Affairs of Minor Im- 
portance: 

Battle of Shiloh, Tenn., Chattanooga Creek, TennSmyrna Camp, Ga., 

Siege of Corinth, Miss., Tunnel Hill, Ga., Chattahoochee River Ga.. 

Pern Creek, Ivy., Rock Pace Ridge, Ga., Peach Tree Creek, Ga., 

Clay Village, Ky., Dalton, Ga., Atlanta, Ga., 

Lawrenceburg, Ky., Resaca, Ga., Jonesborough, Ga., 

La Vergne, Tenn., Kingston, Ga., Lovejoy Station, Ga., 

Stone River, Tenn., New Hope Church, Ga., Franklin, Tenn., 

Liberty Gap, Tenn., Dallas, Ga., Nashville, Tenn. 

Chickamauga, Ga., Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 



ROSTER OF 
LOSS OF THE 77th PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS, 

KILLED AND WOUNDED IN ACTION, 
DURING ITS TERM OF SERVICE. 



(165) 



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REG IMENTAL BOST E R. 



THE following, although a very decided improvement on 
any Roster heretofore published of the Seventy-seventh 
Regiment of Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, is not 
up to the high standard which we had hoped to attain. 

Every available source of information was diligently fol- 
lowed up, all errors, omissions and inaccuracies found, were 
corrected, and the whole Roster arranged in strict alphabeti- 
cal order. 

Men, not otherwise accounted for, were present with the 
regiment at the time of its muster out and discharged from 
the United States service. Those, known to have been honora 
bly discharged, but where the date of such discharge is not de- 
finitely known, are marked under the head of ''Remarks," 
with the single word "Discharged." There yet remain a 
large number of names of men on this list, notably in Com- 
panies D, F, old Company H, and a considerable number of 
men not attached to any company, the date of whose muster 
into the service is herein given, but the time and manner of 
the termination of their services could not be ascertained. 

As a last resort, application was made to the War Depart- 
ment at Washington, for permission to either complete, or 
have completed from the official records, there on file, all de- 
fective or incomplete records as above indicated. Such per- 
mission was, however, absolutely refused. The reasons al- 
leged for such refusal, were insufficient clerical force and the 
dilapidated condition of the records in question. 

A second application, together with the offer to furnish a 
competent clerk to do the work, met with the same fate as 
the first request. Although these records are an important 
portion of theNation's History, they are apparently, under all 
circumstances and conditions kept inaccessible alike to the 
public and their representatives in either branch of the Con- 
gress of the United States. 

Therefore, we are perforce, obliged to be content with the 
Roster as hereinafter given, and to rest in the hope, that 
sometime, in the not very remote future, the official Rosters 
of all organizations that participated in the great struggle 
between the states, will be published 1o the world. 

(173) 



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SHILOH 



MAJOR DAVID W. REED. 



(253) 



#11 



(254) 



SHILOH CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE. 



FIELD OF OPERATIONS. 

ON the 1st day of January, 1862, General Albert Sidney 
Johnston was in command of all the Confederate forces 
of Tennessee and Kentucky. His troops occupied a line 
of defense extending from Columbus, Ky., through Forts 
Henry and Donelson to Bowling Green, Ky., where General 
Johnston had his headquarters. 

General H. W. Halleck at that date commanded the De- 
partment of the Missouri with headquarters at St. Louis, and 
General D. C. Buell commanded the Department of the Ohio 
with headquarters at Louisville, Ky. The Cumberland river 
formed the boundary separating the Departments of the 
Missouri and the Ohio. 

Various plans had been canvassed by Generals Halleck and 
Buell, participated in by the general in chief, for an attack 
upon the Confederate line. General Halleck had asked to 
have General BuelFs army transferred to him, or at least 
placed under his command, claiming that without such union 
and an army of at least 00,000 men under one commander, it 
would be impossible to break the well-established lines of 
General Johnston.* 

Before such union could be effected, and before General 
Halleck had received a reply to his request, General Grant 
asked for and received permission to attack the line at Fort 
Henry on the Tennessee river. f Assisted by the gunboat 
fleet of Commodore Foote, Grant captured Fort Henry on 
the sixth of February, and then moving upon Fort Donelson 
captured that place with 15,000 prisoners on the sixteenth. 
The loss of these forts broke General Johnston's line at its 
center and compelled him to evacuate Columbus and Bowling 
Green, abandon Tennessee and Kentucky to tin 1 Union army 
and seek a new line of defense on the Memphis and Charles- 
ton Railroad. 

*No. 8 War Records, pp. 508-510. Reference to War Records will be given by serial 
numbers, 10 War Records being volume 10; 11 War Records being part % of volume 10. 
tl Grant, p. 287. 

( 255) 



256 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

General Halleck was displeased with Grant because he sent 
a division of troops into Buell's department at Clarksville.J 
This displeasure was increased when he learned that General 
Grant had gone to Nashville for consultation with General 
Buell. Halleck directed the withdrawal of Smith's division 
from Clarksville, suspended General Grant from command, 
and ordered him to Fort Henry to await orders. § He then 
placed General C. F. Smith in command of all the troops with 
orders to proceed up the Tennessee river and to make an effort 
to break the Confederate line on the Memphis and Charleston 
Railroad at some place near Florence.* 

General Smith's advance reached Savannah, Tenn., March 
13, 1862. Having determined to make that point his base of 
operations, he landed the troops that accompanied his ad- 
vance, and sent boats back for supplies and the remainder 
of his army. 

General W. T. Sherman had organized a division of new 
troops while he was in command at Paducah. With these he 
was ordered to report to General Smith. He reached Savan- 
nah on the fourteenth of March and was ordered by General 
Smith to proceed up the river to some point near Eastport 
and from there make an attempt to break the Memphis and 
Charleston Railroad in the vicinity of Burnsville, Miss.f. 

Previous to this time a gunboat fleet had passed up the 
Tennessee river as far as Florence. At Pittsburg Landing 
this fleet encountered a small force of Confederates consist- 
ing of the Eighteenth Louisiana Infantry, Gibson's battery 
of artillery, and some cavalry. The gunboats shelled the 
position and drove away the Confederates. A bursting shell 
set fire to and destroyed one of the three buildings at the land- 
ing. The fleet proceeded up the river to Florence and on its 
return landed a small party at Pittsburg Landing to investi- 
gate. This party found a dismounted 32-pounder gun on the 
river bluff, and about one mile out, a hospital containing sev- 
eral Confederate soldiers that had been wounded a few days 
before in the engagement with the fleet. Near the hospital 



JHalleck's telegram to Cullum, March 1, 1S62. 
§11 War Records, p. 3. 

*7 War Records, p. 674; 11 War Records, p. 6. 
|10 War Records, p. 22. 



Field of Operations. 257 

a Confederate picket post stopped their advance and the 
party returned to the boats. 

In the report made by the officer in command of this naval 
expedition is found the first mention of Pittsburg Landing, 
that little hamlet on the Tennessee river so soon to become 
historic. 

When General Sherman's command was passing Pittsburg 
Landing, Lieutenant Gwin of the U. S. gunboat Tyler pointed 
out to General Sherman the position that had been occupied 
by the Confederate battery, and informed him that there was 
a good road from that point to Corinth. That it was, in fact, 
the landing place for all goods shipped by river to and from 
Corinth. General Sherman at once reported these facts to 
General Smith and asked that the place be occupied in force 
while the demonstration was being made against Burnsville. 
In compliance with this request, General Hurlbut's division 
was at once dispatched by boats to Pittsburg Landing. 

General Sherman proceeded up the river and landed his di- 
vision at the mouth of Yellow creek, a few miles below East- 
port, and made an attempt to march to Burnsville. Heavy 
rains and high water compelled his return to the boats. Find- 
ing no other accessible landing place he dropped down to 
Pittsburg Landing, where he found Hurlbut's division on 
boats. 

Sherman reported to General Smith that Eastport was oc- 
cupied in force by the Confederates, and that Pitsburg Land 
ing was the first point below Eastport that was above water, 
so that a landing of troops could be made. He was directed 
to disembark his division and Hurlbut's and put them in 
camp far enough back to afford room for the other divisions 
of the army to encamp near the river. 

On the sixteenth of March Sherman landed a part of his 
division, and accompanied by Colonel McPherson, of General 
Halleck's staff, marched out as far as Monterey, eleven miles, 
dispersing a Confederate cavalry camp. Returning to the 
river he spent two days in disembarking his troops and select- 
ing camps, and on the nineteenth moved out and put his 
troops into the positions to which lie had assigned them, 
about two and one-half miles from the landing. 



258 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Pittsburg Landing, on the left bank of the Tennessee river, 
eight miles above Savannah, was at that time simply a land- 
ing place for steamboats trading along the river. Its high 
bluff, at least eighty feet above the water at its highest flood, 
afforded a safe place for the deposits of products unloaded 
from, or to be loaded upon, the boats. From this landing a 
good ridge road ran southwesterly to Corinth, Miss., twenty- 
two miles away. One mile out from the river the Corinth 
road crossed another road running north and south parallel 
with the river, and connecting Savannah below with Ham- 
burg, four miles above Pittsburg Landing. One quarter of a 
mile beyond this crossing the Corinth road forked, the part 
known as Eastern Corinth road running nearly south until 
it intersected the Bark road, three miles from the river. 

The other, or main road, running due west from the fork, 
crossed the Hamburg and Purdy road two miles from the 
river, and then turning southwest, passed Shiloh Church just 
two and one-half miles from the river. At a point five miles out 
this main road intersected the Bark road at the southwest 
corner of what is now the lands of the Shiloh National Mili- 
tary Park. The Bark road, running nearly due east to Ham- 
burg, forms the southern boundary of the park. 

On the south side of the Bark road ridge is Lick creek, 
which has its rise near Monterey, and empties into the Ten- 
nessee about two miles above Pittsburg Landing. North of 
the main Corinth road, and at an average of about one mile 
from it, is Owl creek, which flows northeasterly and empties 
into Snake creek at the point where the Savannah road 
crosses it. Snake creek empties into the Tennessee river 
about one mile below Pitsburg Landing. 

All these streams flow through flat, muddy bottom lands 
and are in the spring of the year, practically impassable, and 
in April, 1862, could not be crossed except at two or three 
places where bridges were maintained. These streams there- 
fore formed an excellent protection against an attack upon 
either flank of an army encamped between them. The general 
surface of the land along the Corinth road is about on the 
same level, but is cut up on either side by deep ravines and 
water courses leading into the creeks. In many of these 
ravines are running streams with the usual marshy margins. 



Field of Operations. 250 

lii 1S02 this plateau was covered with open forest with fre- 
quent thick undergrowth and au occasional clearing of a few 
acres surrounding the farmhouse of the owner. 

Sherman selected grounds for his division camps just be- 
hind a stream railed Shiloh Branch, McDowell's brigade on 
the right, with his right on Owl creek at the bridge where 
the Hamburg and Purdy road crosses the creek. Buckland's 
brigade next in line to the left, with his left at Shiloh Church. 
Hildebrand's brigade to the left of the church. Stuart's bri- 
gade, detached from the others, to the extreme left of the line 
at the point where the Savannah and Hamburg and the Purdy 
and Hamburg roads unite just before they cross Lick creek. 

Hurlbut's division formed its camp one mile in rear of 
Sherman's, near the crossing of the Corinth and the Ham- 
burg and Savannah roads. 

On the eleventh day of March the Departments of the Mis- 
souri and the Ohio were consolidated under the name of the 
Department of the Mississippi, and Major General H. W. Hal- 
leck was assigned to the command, giving him from that date 
the control he had sought — of both armies then operating in 
Tennessee. General Smith, about the time of his arrival at 
Savannah, had received an injury to his leg while stepping 
from a gunboat into a yawl. This injury, apparently insigni- 
ficant at first, soon took such serious form that the General 
was obliged to relinquish command of the troops, and Gen- 
eral Grant was restored to duty and ordered by General Hal- 
leck to repair to Savannah and take command of the troops 
in that vicinity. Upon his arrival at Savannah, March seven- 
teen, General Grant found his army divided, a part on either 
side of the Tennessee river. He at once reported to General 
Halleck* the exact situation, and in answer was directed to 
"destroy the railroad connections at Corinth. "f 

To carry out this order General Grant transferred the re- 
mainder of his army, except a small garrison for Savannah, 
to the west side of the river, concentrating the First, Second, 
Fourth and Fifth divisions at Pittsburg Landing, and the 
Third at Crump's Landing, six miles below. General McCler- 
nand with the First division formed his camp in rear of Sher- 

*11 War Records, p. 45. 
til War Records, p. 46. 



260 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

man's right brigades. General W. H. L. Wallace, command- 
ing the Second division, encamped to the right of Hurlbut, be- 
tween Corinth road and Snake creek. A new division, the 
Sixth, just organized under General Prentiss out of new 
troops, went into camp as the regiments arrived between 
Hildebrand's and Stuart's brigades of Sherman's division, its 
center on the eastern Corinth road. General Lew. Wallace, 
commanding the Third Division, placed his first brigade at 
< 'rump's, his second brigade at Stony Lonesome, and his 
third brigade at Adamsville, five miles out on the Purdy road. 

On March ten General Halleck wrote General McClellan: 
"I propose going to the Tennessee in a few days to, take per- 
sonal command. "J Pending his arrival at the front his orders 
to Smith, to Sherman and to Grant were: "My instructions 
not to bring on an engagement must be strictly obeyed :"§ 
but when informed by General Grant that the contemplated 
attack upon Corinth would make a general engagement inev- 
itable, Halleck at once ordered, "By all means keep your 
forces together until you connect with General Buell. Don't 
let the enemy draw you into an engagement now."|| To this 
General Grant replied: "All troops have been concentrated 
near Pittsburg Landing. No movement of troops will be 
made except to advance Sherman to Pea Ridge.** Sherman 
made a reconnoissance toward Pea Ridge, March twenty-four 
and drove some cavalry across Lick creek. He bivouacked at 
Chamber's plantation that night, and returned to camp next 
morning. 

On the thirty-first, with two regiments of infantry, a section 
of artillery, and a company of cavalry, Sherman went up to 
Eastport. Finding the Confederate works there and at 
Chickasaw abandoned, he sent his scouts toward Iuka. Con- 
federate cavalry was encountered, and the command returned 
to Pittsburg Landing. 

The Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Major General 
XL S. Grant, was, on the 5th of April, 1862, composed of six 
divisions. The First, commanded by Major General John A. 
McClernand; the Second, by Brigadier General W. H. L. Wal- 

tll War Records, p. 24. 

§7 War Records, p. 674: 10 War Records, p. 25; 11 War Records, p. 41. 

1 1 War Records, pp! 50, 51. 

**War Records, p. 57. 



Field of Operations. 201 

lace; the Third, by Major General Lew. Wallace; the Fourth, 
by Brigadier General S. A. Hurlbut; the Fifth, by Brigadier 
General W. T. Sherman, and the (Sixth, by Brigadier General 
B. M. Prentiss. Generals HcClernand, C. F. Smith and Lew. 
\\ allaee had been promoted Major Generals March 21, 1802. 
Official notice of such promotion was sent to General Grant 
by General Halleck from St. Louis April 5.* Previous to 
this notice of promotion the order of rank of the brigadiers 
was as follows: {Sherman, McGlernand, Hurlbut, Prentiss, C. 
F. Smith, Lew. Wallace, W. 11. L. Wallace. General Smith, 
until relieved by General Grant, March 17, was in command 
by order of General McGlellan.f 

The camps of Sherman and Prentiss formed the front line 
about two and one-half miles from Pittsburg Landing and ex- 
tended in a semicircle from Owl creek on the right to Lick 
creek on the left. One company from each regiment was ad- 
vanced as a picket one mile in front of regimental camps. 

By the official returns of April 5, 1802, there were, in the 
five divisions of the Army of the Tennessee at Pittsburg Land- 
ing, present for duty, infantry, artillery and cavalry, officers 
and men, 39,830; in the Third Division, at Crump's Landing, 
present for duty, officers and men, 7,501. 

On the evening of the fifth the advance of General Buell's 
army arrived at Savannah, and in one day more would have 
united with the Army of the Tennessee, ready for the advance 
on Corinth, as contemplated and announced in General Hal 
leek's programme. 

When General Johnston withdrew his army from Kentucky 
and Tennessee, after the fall of Fort Donelson, he established 
his new line of operations along the Memphis and Charleston 
Railroad with his right at Chattanooga and his left on the 
Mississippi at Fort Pillow. On this line he was reinforced 
by Generals Polk and Beauregard from Columbus and West 
Tennessee, and by General Bragg from Pensacola and Mobile, 
and had ordered Van Dorn, from Little Rock, Ark., to report 
with his army at Corinth, Miss. As early as March nine, Gen- 
eral Ruggles was placed in command' at Corinth and was or- 
dered to put his troops in marching order and to commence 
a line of intrenchments around the town. 

•War Records, p. 94. fll War Records, p. 82. JNote r. 



262 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

On the twenty-ninth of March General Johnston issued a 
general order consolidating the armies of Kentucky and Mis- 
sissippi, and some independent commands, into the "Army 
of the Mississippi" of which he assumed the command, nam- 
ing General G. T. Beauregard as second in command and 
Major General Braxton Bragg as chief of staff. Subsequently 
he organized his army into four corps. The First Corps com- 
manded by Major General Leonidas Polk; the Second Corps 
commanded by Major General Braxton Bragg; the Third 
Corps commanded by Major General W. J. Hardee, and the 
Reserve Corps commanded by Brigadier General J. C. Breck- 
inridge. 

One division of the First Corps, Cheatham's, was at Bethel 
and Purdy; a brigade of the Second Corps was at Monterey; 
the Reserve Corps at Burnsville; the cavalry nearer the Union 
lines. All other troops concentrated at Corinth. 

General Johnston had been depressed by the censure of the 
Southern press, and as late as March eighteen offered to re- 
linquish the command of the army to General Beauregard. 
Reassured by expressions of confidence by Mr. Davis, he re- 
solved to retain command and, if possible, to regain the con- 
fidence of the people by taking the offensive and attacking 
Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing, hoping to defeat that 
army before it could be reinforced by General Buell. 

Hearing that General Buell was Hearing Savannah, General 
Johnston determined to attack at once, without waiting the 
arrival of Van Horn. Accordingly, on the third of April he 
issued orders for the forward movement, directing his army 
to move by the several roads and concentrate at Mickey's, 
eight miles from Pittsburg Landing, so as to be ready to at- 
tack at sunrise on the morning of the fifth. Heavy rains, 
bad roads, and the delays incident to marching large columns 
with wagon trains and artillery over muddy roads, prevented 
the assembly of the army at Mickey's until nearly night of the 
fifth. It was then determined to delay the attack until day- 
light next morning. 

The aggregate present for duty, officers and men of the Con- 
federate army, infantry, artillery and cavalry, assembled at 
Mickey's April 5, 1862, as shown by official reports, was 43,a68. 

This army General Johnston put in line of battle and 



Field of Operations. 2(i:'> 

bivouacked Saturday night in the following order: Major (Jen 
era! Hardee's corps on the first or advanced line, with Cle- 
burne's brigade on the left, its left flank at Widow Howell's, 
near Winningham creek. Wood's brigade next to the right, 
with his right on the main Pittsburg and Corinth road, and 
just in rear of the Wood's field. Shaver's brigade on right 
of Pittsburg and Corinth road, extending the line nearly to 
Bark road. As Hardee's line thus deployed did not occupy 
all the space to Lick creek, as desired, Gladden's brigade from 
Wither's division of Second corps w T as added to Hardee's 
right, extending the line across Bark road. 

Major General Bragg's rorps was deployed eight hundred 
yards in rear of the first line, with Ruggle's division on the 
left and Wither's division on the right, in the following order 
of brigades from left to right: Pond, Anderson, Gibson, Jack- 
son and Chalmers. This second line overlapped the first and 
extended beyond Hardee's on both flanks, Jackson's left flank 
resting on the Bark road. 

Ti.,. pai»t>.s of Generals Polk and Breckinridge were formed 
in column by brigades in rear of the second line. Wharton's 
and Brewer's cavalry were on the left flank, guarding the 
roads toward Stantonville. Clnnton's cavalry was on the 
right front. Avery's. Forrest's and Adam's cavalry at Greer's 
Ford on Lick ereek. Other cavalry organizations w r ere at- 
tached to the different corps. 

General Johnston's headquarters were established at the 
forks of the Bark and Pittsburg roads. 

Pickets were sent out from the first line. The Third Mis- 
sissippi, commanded by Major Hardeastle, was on such duty 
in front of Wood's brigade, his reserve post, at the corner 
where W r ood's and Fraley's fields join. 



THE BATTLE OF SHTLOH. 



During the Confederate advance from Monterey on the 
third there had been skirmishing between the cavalry of the 
two armies, and on the fourth one of Buckland's picket posts 
was captured. Buckland sent out two companies in pursuit 



264 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

of the captors. These companies were attacked and sur- 
rounded by Confederate cavalry, but were rescued by Buck- 
land coming to their relief with his whole regiment. On Sat- 
urday Generals Prentis and Sherman each sent out recon- 
noitering parties to the front. Neither of these parties de- 
veloped the enemy in force, but reported such evidences of 
cavalry, that pickets of both divisions were doubled, and Gen- 
eral Prentiss, being still apprehensive of attack, sent out at 
three o'clock Sunday morning three companies of the Twenty- 
fifth Missouri, under Major Powell of that regiment, to again 
reconnoiter well to the front. 

Major Powell marched to the right and front, passing be- 
tween the Rhea and Seay fields, and at 4.55 A. M. struck Hard- 
castle's pickets and received their fire. The fire was returned 
by Powell and a sharp engagement was had between these 
outposts, continuing, as Hardcastle says, one hour and a half, 
until C>..*!0 A. M., when he saw his brigade formed in his rear 
and fell back to his place in line. • 

Wood's brigade, advancing, drove Powell back to the Seay 
field, where he was reinforced by four companies of the Six- 
Icenth Wisconsin, that had been on picket near by, and by 
five companies of the Twenty-first Missouri under Colonel 
Moore, who at once took command and sent back to camp for 
the remainder of his regiment. 

This force, fighting and retreating slowly, was reinforced 
at southeast corner of the Rhea field by all of reabody's bri- 
gade. Peabody succeeded in holding tin 1 Confederates in 
choclc until eight o'clock, when he fell back to the line of his 
camp, closely followed by Shaver's brigade and the right of 
Wood's brigade. 

While Peabodv's brigade was thus engaged, General Pren- 
tiss had advanced Miller's brigade to the south side of Spain 
field, and placed liickenlooper's battery to the left and 
Munch's battery to the right of the Eastern Corinth road, 
in this position he was attacked by Gladden's brigade and by 
the left of Chalmer's brigade, that had advanced to the front 
line These Confederate brigades, after a stubborn fight, in 
which Gladden was mortally wounded, drove Miller back to 
his lire of camps at the same time that Peabody was driven 
back to his. In their several camps Prentiss formed his regi- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 265 

ments again and was vigorously attacked by Gladden's and 
Shaver's brigades, assisted on the left by a part of Wood's bri- 
gade, and on the right by Chalmers. 

At nine o'clock Prentiss was driven from his second posi 
tion with the loss of 1 lie entire division camp, two guns of 
Hickenloopcr's battery, and many killed and wounded left on 
the field. Among the killed was Colonel Peabody, the com- 
mander of the First Brigade of Prentiss's division. 

While the right of Hardee's line was engaged with Pren- 
tiss his left had attacked the brigades of Hildebrand an,d 
Buckland, of Sherman's division. These brigades had formed 
in line in front of their camps and behind Shiloh Branch, with 
Barrett's battery at Shiloh Church and Waterhouse's battery 
to the left, behind the camp of the Fifty-third Ohio. The 
Third Brigade of McClernand's division was brought up and 
formed in support of Sherman's left flank and of Water- 
house's battery. In the Confederate advance the left of 
Wood's brigade had been slightly engaged with the Fifty- 
third Ohio, which easily gave way, when Wood obliqued to 
the right, to avoid Waterhouse's battery, and, following 
Prentiss, passed the left flank of Hildebrand's brigade, 
then left wheeled to the attack of McClernand's Third 
Brigade. Cleburne's brigade, in attempting to cross the 
marshy ground of Shiloh Branch, received the concentrated 
fire of the Third and Fourth brigades of Sherman's division, 
and after two or three unsuccessful efforts to dislodge them, 
in which his regiments lost very heavily — the Sixth Missis- 
sippi having over seventy per cent, killed and wounded — he 
was obliged to give place to Anderson's brigade of Bragg's 
corps, which was in like manner repulsed with severe loss. 
Johnson's and Russell's brigades of Polk's corps now came 
up together. Russel on the right, overlapping Sherman's 
left, and Johnson to the left across the Corinth road. The 
reorganized parts of the brigades of Cleburne and Anderson 
joining Russell and Johnson, the four brigades, assisted by 
Wood's brigade, advanced, and at ten o'clock drove Sherman's 
two brigades, and the Third Brigade of McClernand's divi- 
sion back across the Purdy road with the loss of three guns 
of Waterhouse's battery and of the camps of the three 
brigades. During the contest Confederate Generals Clark, 



266 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

commanding a division, and Johnson, commanding a brigade, 
were severely wounded, and Colonel Raith, commanding Mc- 
Clernand's Third Brigade was mortally wounded. The cap- 
ture of the three guns of Waterhouse's battery is claimed by 
the Thirteenth Tennessee of Russell's brigade, and General 
Polk seems to concede the claim, though it appears thai sev- 
eral regiments were attacking the battery from the front 
when the Thirteenth Tennessee moved by the right flank and 
approaching the battery from its left rear reached it before 
those from the front. General Vaughan, of the Thirteenth 
Tennessee, says that when his regiment reached these guns 
a dead Union officer lay near them, and keeping guard over 
his body was a pointer dog that refused to allow the Confed- 
erates to approach the body. 

Pond's brigade of Bragg's corps had engaged McDowell's 
brigade, in conjunction with Anderson's attack on Buckland, 
and had succeeded in gaining the brigade at McDowell's right 
flank but had not become seriously engaged when Sherman 
ordered McDowell to retire and form junction with his Third 
and Fourth brigades which were then falling back from 
Shiloh Church. McDowell therefore abandoned his camp to 
Tond without a contest. 

After the capture of Prentiss' camps Chalmer's and Jack- 
son's brigades from Bragg's corps were ordered to the right 
to attack the extreme left of the Union line. Preceded by 
('Ian ton's cavalry these brigades moved by the flank down 
the Bark road until the head of the column w r as at the swampy 
ground of Lick creek, then forming line of battle and placing 
Gage's and Girardey's batteries upon the bluff south of Locust 
Grove creek they compelled Stuart, who was without artillery, 
to leave his camp and form his lines to left and rear in the 
timber. Here he held Chalmers in a fierce fight until about 
two o'clock when he fell back to the landing, abandoning the 
last of Sherman's camps. Jackson's attack, as he came 
across the creek, fell upon McArthur's brigade, consisting of 
the Ninth and Twelfth Illinois, supported on the left by the 
Fiftieth Illinois and by Willard's battery in the rear. Mc- 
Arthnr. in a stubborn contest in which the Ninth Illinois lost 
sixty per cent, of the men engaged, held his ground until Jack- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 267 

son was re-inforced by Bowen's brigade of Breckinridge's 
corps, when Me Arthur fell back. 

When Sherman and Prentiss discovered that they were be- 
ing attacked by the Confederates in force they asked re-in- 
forcements from the divisions in their rear. 

McClernand sent his third brigade to reinforce Sherman's 
left, and Schwartz's battery to assist Buckland. He then 
formed his First and Second brigades along the Pittsburg 
road in front of his headquarters; Marsh's brigade, with Bur- 
row's battery on the right; Hare's brigade to the left behind 
the Review field; McAllister's battery at the northwest cor- 
ner of said field, and Dresser's battery at Water Oaks Pond. 
On this line the Third brigade rallied when it fell back from 
Sherman's line. 

Veatch's brigade of Hurlbut's division was sent to re-in- 
force McClernand and formed behind Burrow's battery. 
Hurlbut marched his other brigades to the Peach Orchard 
and formed line of battle with "William's brigade facing south 
and Lauman's brigade facing west. The batteries, Mann's, 
Ross' and Myer's, all in the field behind the infantry. 

W. H. L. Wallace's First Brigade, commanded by Colonel 
Tuttle, moved out on the Eastern Corinth road and formed 
on the east side of the Duncan field in an old sunken road. 
McArthur's brigade was disunited. The Eighty-first Ohio 
and the Fourteenth Missouri were sent to guard the bridge 
over Snake creek; the Thirteenth Missouri to re-inforce Mc- 
Dowell's brigade and McArthur, in person with the Ninth and 
Twelfth Illinois and Willard's battery, went to the support 
of Stuart and formed on his right rear, and at the left of 
Hurlbut's division, just east of the Peach Orchard. Of 
Sweeny's brigade, the Seventh and Fifty-eighth Illinois 
formed on Tuttle's right connecting it with McClernand's 
left. The Fiftieth Illinois was sent to McArthur. The other 
regiments were held in reserve until about noon when the 
Eighth Iowa formed on Tuttle's left to fill a gap between Wal- 
lace and Prentiss. The Fifty-seventh Illinois went to the 
extreme left, and the Fifty-second Illinois reported to Mc- 
Clernand at his sixth position just east of Tilghman creek. 
Batteries 1). H. and K. First Missouri Light Artillery, were 
placed along the ridge in rear of Tuttle. Prentiss rallied his 
18 



268 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

broken division, not over eight hundred men, on Hurlbut's 
right connecting- it with Wallace's left. 

In the early morning, General Grant at Savannah heard 
the firing and directed General Nelson, of the Army of the 
Ohio, to march his division along the east bank of the Ten- 
nessee to the point opposite Pittsburg. Then, leaving a re- 
quest for General Buell to hurry his troops forward as rapidly 
as possible, he hastened by boat to join his army. Arriving 
upon the field at about the time that Prentiss was driven 
from his camp, he immediately dispatched orders to General 
Lew. Wallace to bring his division to the battlefield. There 
has ever since been a dispute as to the terms of this order 
and the time of its delivery. It is admitted that General Wal- 
lace received an order, and that he started his command at 
about twelve o'clock by a road leading into the Hamburg and 
Purdy road west of the bridge over Owl creek on the right 
of Sherman's camps. This bridge was abandoned by McDowell 
and held by the Confederates at ten o'clock. An aide from 
General Grant overtook Wallace on this road about three 
o'clock and turned him back to the Savannah and Hamburg, 
or river road, by which he reached the battlefield about seven 
o'clock P. M. 

In the movements of the Confederate troops in the morning 
Gibson's brigade of Bragg's corps had followed Shaver's 
brigade and had halted just inside the line of camps. This 
had separated Gibson from Anderson by the length of a 
brigade; into this space Bragg directed Stephens' brigade, of 
Polk's corps, and it entered the line of camps in rear of 
Wood's brigade. Stewart's brigade 1 , also of Polk's corps, was 
sent to the right and entered the line of camps in rear of 
Gladden's brigade. 

When Prentiss was driven back General Johnston ordered 
his reserve into action by sending Trabue forward on the 
Pittsburg Landing road to Shiloh Church, while Bowen and 
Statham were moved down the Bark road and formed line of 
battle south of the Peach Orchard to the left rear of Jack- 
son and completing the line to where Gladden's brigade, now 
commanded by Adam, was resting near Prentiss' headquar- 
ters camp. 

Following the capture of the guns of Waterhouse's bat- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 269 

tery and the retreat of Sherman and Raitli to the Purdy road, 
Wood's and Shaver's brigades, with Swett's battery, were 
ordered to left wheel, Stewart's brigade was sent by left 
flank along the rear of Peabody's camp to Wood's left where 
three of the regiments took their places in line, while the 
Fourth Tennessee, supported by the Twelfth Tennessee, from 
Russell's brigade, went into line between Wood's and Shaver's 
brigades. Stanford's battery took position in the camp of 
the Fourth Illinois Cavalry. Joining this force on its left 
were the somewhat disorganized brigades of Cleburne, An- 
derson, Johnson and Russell. General Polk was personally 
directing their movements and led them forward, without 
waiting for perfect organization, in pursuit of Sherman's re- 
treating brigades. This combined force of seven brigades 
moved to the attack of McClernand and Sherman in their 
second position along the Pittsburg and Purdy road. The 
right of this attacking force, extending beyond McClernand's 
left, became engaged with W. H. L. Wallace's troops near 
Duncan House, while Stephen's brigade of Polk's corps en- 
gaged the left of Tuttle's brigade and Prentiss' division in 
the Hornets' Nest. At the same time Gladden attacked Lau- 
man on west side of the Peach Orchard. In these atacks Gen- 
erals Hindman and Wood were disabled, and the Confeder- 
ates in front of Wallace, Prentiss and Lauman were repulsed. 

The attack upon McClernand and Sherman was successful, 
and drove these commands back to the center of Marsh's 
brigade camp, where they made a short stand at what Mc- 
Clernand calls his third line, and then retired to the field at 
the right of that camp, to the fourth line. The third and 
fourth brigades of Sherman's division retired to the landing, 
and his first brigade, McDowell's, took position on McCler- 
nand's right. 

In the repulse of McClernand from his second and third 
line he had lost Burrow's entire battery of six guns, which 
was taken by Wood's brigade; also one gun of McAllister's 
battery, taken by the Fourth Tennessee, and two guns of 
Schwartz's battery and four guns of Dresser's battery; part of 
these, perhaps all, are claimed by the One Hundred and Fifty- 
fourth Tennessee. 

Rallying in camp of Hare's brigade, McClernand, with Mc- 



270 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Dowell's brigade on his right, checked the Confederate ad- 
vance, and then, by a united countercharge, at twelve o'clock, 
recovered his second brigade camp and his own headquarters, 
and captured Cobb's Kentucky battery. McClernand gives 
the Eleventh Iowa and the Eleventh and Twentieth Illionois 
the credit for the capture of this battery. In the forward 
movement the Sixth Iowa and the Forty-sixth Ohio of Mc- 
Dowell's brigade, and Thirteenth Missouri of McArthur's 
brigade, became engaged with Trabue's Confederate brigade 
in a firece battle, of which Trabue says: 

The combat here was a severe one. I fought the enemy an hour and a 
quarter, killing and wounding 400 or 500 of the Forty-sixth Ohio Infantry, 
as well as of another Ohio regiment, a Missouri regiment, and some Iowa 
troops. * * * I lost here many men and several officers. 

The number killed, wounded and missing of the Forty-sixth 
Ohio at the battle of Shiloh, both days, was 246. But of the 
three regiments opposed to Trabue there were 510 killed, 
wounded and missing; most of them were doubtless lost in 
this conflict. So that Trabue may not have seriously erred 
in his statement. 

At the time that McClernand fell back from his second posi- 
tion. General Stewart took command of Wood's and Shaver's 
brigades, and with the Fourth Tennessee of his own brigade 
moved to the right and renewed the attack upon Tuttle and 
Prentiss. Meeting a severe repulse he withdrew at twelve 
o'clock, with the Fourth Tennessee, to the assistance of the 
force in front of McClernand. At the same time Shaver's and 
Wood's brigades retired for rest and ammunition, and 
Stephens' brigade moved to the right and joined Breckinridge 
south of the Peach Orchard. 

General Bragg then brought up Gibson's brigade, which had 
been resting near Peabody's camp, and sent it in four separ- 
ate charges against the position held by Prentiss and Tuttle. 
Gibson's brigade was shattered in their useless charges and 
retired from the field. While Bragg was directing these sev- 
eral movements, Generals Polk and Hardee had renewed the 
attack upon McClernand and in a contest lasting two hours 
had driven him back once more to the camp of his First 
brigade where he maintained his position until two thirty P. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 271 

M., when he fell back across the valley of Tilghman creek to 
his sixth line, abandoning the last of his camps. 

About twelve o'clock General Johnston, having gotten his 
reserve in position south of the Peach Orchard, assumed per- 
sonal command of the right wing of his army and directed a 
combined forward movement, intending to break the Union 
left where Chalmers and Jackson had been engaged since 
about ten o'clock, in an unsuccessful fight with Stuart and 
McArthur. Bowen's brigade was sent to support Jackson 
and was closely followed, en dchelon to the left, by Statham's, 
Stephens' and Gladden's brigades in an attack upon Hurl- 
but in the Peach Orchard. Stuart, hard pressed by Chalmers 
and threatened on the flank by Clanton's cavalry, was, as we 
have seen, the first to yield, and falling back left McArthur's 
flank exposed, compelling him and Hurlbut to fall back to the 
north side of the Peach Orchard. As Hurlbut's First brigade 
fell back, Lauman's brigade on its right was transferred to the 
left of the division in support of McArthur. Hurlbut's divi- 
sion as then formed stood at a right angle with the line of 
Prentiss and Wallace. 

At two thirty P. M., while personally directing the move- 
ment of his reserve, General Johnston was struck by a minie 
ball and almost instantly killed. The death of the Confeder- 
ate commander-in-chief caused a relaxation of effort on that 
flank until General Bragg, hearing of Johnston's death, turned 
over the command at the center to General Buggies and, re- 
pairing to the right, assumed command, and again ordered a 
forward movement. 

General Buggies, having noted the ineffectual efforts of 
Bragg to break the Union center, determined to concentrate 
artillery upon that point. He therefore assembled ten bat- 
teries and a section, sixty-two guns, and placed them in posi- 
tion along the west side of the Duncan field and northeast of 
the Beview field. In support of these batteries he brought 
up portions of the brigades of Gibson, Shaver, Wood, Ander- 
son and Stewart with the Thirty-eighth Tennessee and Cres- 
cent regiment of Pond's brigade, and once more attacked the 
position so stubbornly held by Wallace and Prentiss. The 
concentrated fire of these sixty-two guns drove away the 



272 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Union batteries, but was not able to rout the infantry from 
its sheltered position in the old road. 

William Preston Johnston, in the Life of General Albert 
Sidney Johnston, gives this graphic description of the fight- 
ing at this point: 

This portion of the Federal line was occupied by Wallace's division and 
by the remnants of Prentiss' division. Here behind a dense thicket on the 
crest of a hill was posted a strong force of as hardy troops as ever fought, 
almost perfectly protected by the conformation of the ground. To assail 
it an open held had to be passed, enfiladed by the fire of its batteries. It 
was nicknamed by the Confederates by that very mild metaphor, "The 
Hornets' Nest." No figure of speech would be too strong to express the 
deadly peril of an assault upon this natural fortress whose inaccessible 
barriers blazed for six hours with sheets of flame and whose infernal gates 
poured forth a murderous storm of shot and shell and musketry fire which 
no living thing could quell or even withstand. Brigade after brigade was 
led against it, but valor was of no avail. Hindman's brilliant brigades 
which had swept everything before them from the field were shivered into 
fragments and paralyzed for the remainder of the day. Stewart's regi- 
ments made fruitless assaults, but only to retire mangled from the field. 
Bragg now ordered up Gibson's splendid brigade; it made a charge, but 
like the others recoiled and fell back. Bragg sent orders to charge again 
* * * Four times the position was charged. Four times the assault 
proved unavailing, the brigade was repulsed. About half past 3 o'clock 
the struggle which had been going on for five hours with fitful violence 
was renewed with the utmost fury. Polk's and Bragg's corps, inter- 
mingled, were engaged in a death grapple with the sturdy commands of 
Wallace and Prentiss. * * * General Ruggles judiciously collected all 
the artillery he could find, some eleven batteries, which he massed against 
the position. The opening of so heavy a fire and the simultaneous advance 
of the whole Confederate line resulted in confusion and then in defeat of 
Wallace and the surrender of Prentiss at about half past 5 o'clock. Each 
Confederate commander of division, brigade, and regiment, as his 
command pounced upon the prey, believed it entitled to the credit of the 
capture. Breckinbridge, Ruggles, Withers, Cheatham, and other divisions 
which helped to subdue these stubborn fighters each imagined his own the 
hardest part of the work. 

Generals Polk and Hardee, with the commingled commands 
of the Confederate left, had followed McClernand in his re- 
treat across Tilghman creek and about four o'clock Hardee 
sent Pond with three of his regiments and Wharton's cavalry 
to attack the Union position upon the east side of this creek. 
In this attack the Confederates were repulsed with heavy 
loss, the Eighteenth Louisiana alone losing forty-two per 




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The Battle of Shiloh. 273 

cent, of those engaged. Pond retired to the west side of the 
creek and took no further part in the action of Sunday. Tra- 
bue and Russell, with some other detachments, renewed the 
attack, and at four thirty P. M. succeeded in driving McCler- 
nand and Veatch back to the Hamburg read, then wheeled 
to the right against the exposed Hank of VV. H. L. Wallace's 
division. At the same time Bragg had forced back the Union 
left until McArthur and Hurlbut, seeing that they were in 
danger of being cut off from the landing, withdrew their 
forces, letting the whole of Bragg's forces upon the rear of 
Prentiss and Wallace, while Polk and Hardee were attacking 
them on their right flank and Buggies was pounding them 
from the front. Wallace attempted to withdraw by the left 
flank, but in passing the lines, closing behind him, he was 
mortally wounded. Colonel Tuttle with two of his regiments 
succeeded in passing the lines while four of Wallace's regi- 
ments with the part of Prentiss' division were completely sur- 
rounded, and, after an ineffectual effort to force their way 
back to the lauding, were compelled to surrender at five thirty 
1*. M. The number of prisoners captured here and in previous 
engagements was 2,254 men and officers, about an equal num- 
ber from each division. General Prentiss and the mortally 
wounded General Wallace were both taken prisoners, but 
General Wallace was left on the field and was recovered by his 
friends next day, and died at Savannah, Tenn., four days later. 
During the afternoon, Colonel Webster, chief of artillery, 
on General Grant's staff, had placed Madison's battery of 
siege guns in position about a quarter of a mile out from the 
landing, and then, as the other batteries came back from the 
front, placed them in position to the right and left of the 
siege guns. Hurbut's division as it came back was formed 
on the right of these guns; Stuart's brigade on the left; parts 
of Wallace's division and detached regiments formed in the 
rear and to the right of Hurlbut, connecting with McCler- 
nand's left. McClernand extended the line to Hamburg and 
Savannah road and along that road to near McArf bur's head- 
quarters, where Buckland's brigade of Sherman's division, 
with three regiments of McArthur's brigade, were holding the 
right which covered the bridge by which General Lew. Wal- 
lace was to arrive on the field. 



274 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

About five o'clock Aninien's brigade of Nelson's division 
of the Army of the Ohio reached the field, the Thirty sixth 
Indiana taking position near the left in support of Stone's 
battery. Two gunboats, the Tyler and Lexington, were at 
the mouth of Dill Branch, just above the landing. 

After the capture of Prentiss an attempt was made to re- 
organize the Confederate forces for an attack upon the Union 
line in position near the landing. Generals Chalmers and 
Jackson and Colonel Trabue moved their commands to the 
right down the ridge south of Dill Branch until they came 
under fire of the Union batteries and gunboats, which silenced 
Gage's battery, the only one with the command. Trabue 
sheltered his command on the south side of the ridge, while 
Chalmers and Jackson moved into the valley of Dill Branch 
and pressed skirmishers forward to the brow of the hill on 
the north side of the valley, but their exhausted men, many 
of them without ammunition, could not be urged to a charge 
upon the batteries before them. Colonel Deas, commanding 
a remnant of Gladden's brigade, formed with two hundred and 
twenty-four men in the ravine on Jackson's left, and Ander- 
son formed at the head of the ravine, where he remained ten 
or fifteen minutes, then he retired beyond range of the floating 
guns. Colonel Lindsay, First Mississippi cavalry, charged 
upon and captured Boss' battery, as it was withdrawing from 
position near Hurlbut's headquarters, and then with thirty 
or forty men crossed the head of Dill Branch and attempted 
to charge another battery, but finding himself in the presence 
of an infantry force "managed to get back under the hill with- 
out damage." This cavalry and the skirmishers from Chal- 
mer's and Jackson's brigades were the only Confederate 
troops that came under musketry fire after the Prentiss and 
Wallace surrender. 

In the meantime General Bragg made an effort to get troops 
into position on the left of Pittsburg road, but before- ar- 
rangements were completed night came on and General Beau- 
regard ordered all the troops withdrawn. The Confederate 
troops sought bivouacs on the field, some occupying captured 
Union camps and some returning to their bivouac of Saturday 
night. General Beauregard remained near Shiloh Church. 
General Polk retired to his Saturday night camp. General 



The Battle of Shiloh. 275 

Bragg was with Beauregard near the church, occupying Gen 
eral Sherman's headquarters camp. < reneral Hardee and Gen- 
eral Withers encamped with Colonel Martin in Toabody's 
camp. Trabue occupied camps of the Sixth Iowa and Forty- 
sixth Ohio. Pond's brigade alone of the infantry troops re- 
mained in line of battle confronting the Union line. 

The Union troops bivouacked on their line of battle, ex- 
tending from Pittsburg Landing to Snake creek bridge, where 
the Third division arrived after dark, occupying the line from 
McArthur's headquarters to the lowlands of the creek. Thir- 
teen hours the battle had raged over all parts of the field with- 
out a moment's cessation. The Union army had been 
steadily forced back on both iianks. The camps of all 
but the Second division had been captured, and position 
after position surrendered after the most persistent 
fighting and with great loss of life on both sides. 
Many regiments, and brigades even, of both armies had been 
shattered and had lost their organization. Detachments of 
soldiers and parts of companies and regiments were scattered 
over the field, some doubtless seeking in vain for their com- 
mands; many caring for dead and wounded comrades; others 
exhausted with the long conflict and content to seek rest and 
refreshment at any place that promised relief from the ter- 
rors of the battle. The fierceness of the fighting on Sunday 
is shown by the losses sustained by some of the organizations 
engaged. The Ninth Illinois lost 306 out of GIT. The Sixth 
Mississippi lost 300 out of 425. Cleburne's brigade lost 1,013 
out of 2,700, and the brigade was otherwise depleted until he 
had but 800 men in line Sunday night. He continued in the 
fight on Monday until he had only 58 men in line, and these 
he sent to the rear for ammunition. 

Gladden's brigade was reduced to 221. The Fifty-fifth Illi- 
nois lost 275 out of 657. The Twenty-eighth Illinois lost 245 
out of 642. The Sixth Iowa had 52 killed outright. The 
Third Iowa lost 33 per cent, of those engaged. The Twelfth 
Iowa lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners 98 per cent, of 
the present for duty. Only 10 returned to camp and they 
were stretcher bearers. These are but samples; many other 
regiments lost in about the same proportion. The loss of 
officers was especially heavy; out of five Union division com- 



270 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

manders one was killed, one wounded, and one captured; out 
of fifteen brigade commanders nine were on the list of 
casualties, and out of sixty-one infantry regimental command 
ers on the held 33 were killed, wounded or missing, making a 
loss on Sunday of 45 out of 81 commanders of divisions, 
brigades and regiments. The Confederate army lost its com- 
mander-in-chief, killed; two corps commanders wounded; 
three out of five of its division commanders wounded; four 
of its brigade commanders killed or wounded, and 20 out of 
78 of its regimental commanders killed or wounded. With 
such losses, the constant shifting of positions, and the length 
of time engaged, it is not a matter to cause surprise that the 
Confederate army was reduced, as General Beauregard 
claims, to less than 20,000 men in line, and that these were 
so exhausted that they sought their bivouacs with little re- 
gard to battle lines, and that both armies lay down in the 
rain to sleep as best they could with very little thought, by 
either, of any danger of attack during the night. 

A few years later, with the experience that came from ser- 
yice, neither Confederate nor Union soldiers would have 
thought of rest, much as they needed it, until a complete line 
of defense had been built for protection against the attacks 
of the morrow. 

But this art of war had not yet been learned, neither army 
knew the possibility of building entrenchments until they had 
been regularly laid out by engineers and the plans approved 
at headquarters. 

We find at Shiloh that with three exceptions no breastworks 
were prepared by either side on Sunday night. Of these ex- 
ceptions a Union battery near the landing was protected by 
a few sacks of corn piled up in front of the guns; some Con- 
federate regiment arranged the fallen timber in front of 
Marsh's brigade camp into a sort of defensive work that 
served a good purpose the next day; and Lieutenant Nispel, 
Company E, Second Illinois Light Artillery, dug a trench in 
front of his gnus, making a slight earthwork, which may vet 
be seen, just at the right of the position occupied by the siege 
guns. He alone of all the officers on the field thought to use 
the spade, which was so soon Jo become an important weapon 
of war. 



The Battle of Skiloh. 277 

During Sunday night the remainder of General Nelson's 
division and General Crittenden's division of the Army of the 
Ohio arrived upon the field, and early .Monday morning the 
Union forces were put in motion to renew the battle. General 
Crittenden's right rested on the Corinth road, General Nel- 
son, to his left, extending the line across Hamburg road. 
About 1,000 men* from the Army of the Tennessee, extended 
the line to the overflowed land of the Tennessee. Two bri- 
gades of General McCook's arriving on the field about six 
o'cloekf formed on Crittenden's right, Rousseau's brigade in 
front line and Kirk's in reserve. At McCook's right was 
Hurlbut, then McClernand, then Sherman, then Lew. Wallace, 
whose right rested on the swamps of Owl creek. The Army 
of the Ohio formed with one regiment of each brigade in re- 
serve, and with Boyle's brigade of Crittenden's division as re- 
serve for the whole. The remnant of W. H. L. Wallace's di- 
vision, under command of Colonel Tuttle, was also in reserve 
behind General Crittenden. 

The early and determined advance of the Union army soon 
convinced General Beauregard that fresh troops had arrived. 
He, however, made his disposition as rapidly as possible to 
meet the advance by sending General Hardee to his right, 
General Bragg to his left, General Polk to left center, and 
Genera) Breckinridge to right center with orders to each to 
put the Confederate troops into line of battle without regard 
to their original organizations. These officers hurried their 
staff officers to all parts of the field and soon formed a line. 
Hardee had Chalmers on the right in Stuart's camps; next to 
him was Colonel Wheeler in command of Jackson's old bri- 
gade; then Colonel Preston Smith with remnants of B. R. 
Johnson's brigade; Colonel Maney with Stephens' brigade. 
Then came Stewart, Cleburne, Statham and Martin under 
Breckinridge. Trabue, across the main Corinth road, just 
west of Duncan's, with Anderson and Gibson to his left under 
Polk. Then Wood, Russel and Pond under Bragg, finishing 
the line to Owl creek. Very few brigades were intact, the 
different regiments were hurried into line from their 
bivouacs and placed under the command of the nearest bri 

*10 W. R., 295 and 33S (Colonel Grose says liith Illinois, but must be in error. 
tGeneral Rousseau's brigade arrived at daylight. General McCook with part of 
Kirk's brigade at 5 A. M., the rest of Kirk's brigade arrived before 7 A. M. 



278 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

gillie officer, and were then detached and sent from one part 
of the field to another as they were needed to re-inforce 
threatened points, until it is impossible to follow movements 
or determine just where each regiment was engaged. 

Monday's battle opened by the advance of General Lew. 
Wallace's division on the Union right, attacking Pond's bri- 
gade in Hare's brigade camp, and was continued on that flank 
by a left wheel of Wallace, extending his right until he had 
gained the Confederate left flank. Nelson's division com- 
menced his advance at daylight and soon developed the Con- 
federate line of battle behind the peach orchard. He then 
waited for Crittenden and McCook to get into position, and 
then commenced the attack upon Hardee, in which he was 
soon joined by all the troops on the field. The fighting seems 
to have been most stubborn in the center, where Hazen, Crit- 
tenden and McCook were contending with the forces under 
Polk and Breckinridge upon the same ground where W. H. L. 
Wallace and Prentiss fought on Sunday. 

The 20,000 fresh troops in the Union army made the contest 
an unequal one, and though stubbornly contested for a time, 
at about two o'clock General Beauregard ordered the with- 
drawal of his army. To secure the withdrawal he placed Col- 
onel Looney, of the Thirty-eighth Tennessee with his regi- 
ment, augmented by detachments from other regiments, at 
Shi loh Church, directed him to charge the Union center. In 
this charge Colonel Looney passed Sherman's headquarters 
and pressed the Union line back to the Purdy road; at the 
same time General Beauregard sent batteries across Shiloh 
Branch and placed them in battery on the high ground be- 
yond. With these arrangement®, Beauregard, at 4 o'clock, 
safely crossed Shiloh Branch with his army and placed his 
rear guard under Breckinridge in line upon the ground oc- 
cupied by his army on Saturday night. The Confederate army 
retired leisurely to Corinth, while the Union army returned 
to the camps that it had occupied before the battle. 

General Beauregard, in his Century "war-book" article, 
page 64, in speaking of "The second day's fighting at Shiloh," 
says: 

Onv widely scattered forces, which it had been impossible to organize 
in the night after the late hour at which they were drawn out of action, 
were gathered in hand for Ihe exigency as quickly as possible. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 279 

Generals Bragg, Hardee, and Breckinridge hurried to their assigned 
positions — Hardee now to the extreme right, where were Chalmers' and 
Jackson's brigade of Bragg's corps; General Bragg to the left, where were 
assembled fragments of his own troops, as also of Clark's division, Polk's 
corps, with Trabue's brigade; Breckinridge was on the left of Hardee. 
This left a space to be occupied by General Polk, who, during the night 
had gone with Cheatham's division back nearly to Hardee's position on 
the night of April 5. But just at the critical time, to my great pleasure, 
General Polk came upon the field with that essential division. 

By 7 o'clock the night before all of Nelson's division had been thrown 
across the Tennessee, and during the night had been put in position between 
Grant's discouraged forces and our own. * * * After exchanging some 
shots with Forrest's cavalry, Nelson's division was confronted with a 
composite force embracing Chalmer's brigade, Moore's Texas regiment, 
with other parts of Withers's division; also the Crescent regiment of New 
Orleans and the Twenty-sixth Alabama, supported by well-posted batteries, 
and so stoutly w T as Nelson received that his division had to recede some- 
what. Advancing again, however, about 8 o'clock, now re-inforced by 
Hazen's brigade, it was our turn to retire with the loss of a battery. But 
rallying and taking the offensive, somewhat re-iuforced, the Confederates 
were able to recover their lost ground and guns inflicting a sharp loss on 
Hazen's brigade, that narrowly escaped capture. Ammen's brigade was 
also seriously pi'essed and must have been turned but for the opportune 
arrival of Terrill's regular battery of McCook's division. 

In the meantime Crittenden's division became involved in the battle, 
but was successfully kept at bay for several hours by the forces under 
Hardee and Brackinridge, until it was re-inforced by two brigades of 
McCook's division, which had been added to the attacking force on the 
field after the battle had been joined. * * * 

By 1 o'clock General Bragg's forces on our left, necessarily weakened by 
the withdrawal of a part of his troops to re-inforce our right and center. 
had become so seriously pressed that he had called for aid. Some remnants 
of Louisiana, Alabama and Tennessee regiments were gathered up and 
sent to support him as best they might, and went with them personally. 
General Bragg now taking the offensive, pressed his adversary back. This 
was about 2 o'clock. My headquarters were still at Shiloh Church. 

The odds of fresh troops alone were now too great to justify the pro- 
longation of the conflict. So, directing Adjutant General Jordan to select 
;i1 once a proper position in our near rear, and there establish a covering 
force, including artillery, I dispatched my staff with orders to the several 
corps commanders to prepare to retire from the field, first making a show, 
however, at different points of resuming the offensive. These orders were 
executed, I may say, with no small skill, and the Confederate army began 
to retire at 2.30 P. M. without apparently the least perception on the part 
of the enemy that such a movement was going on. 



280 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

The losses of the two clays' battle are summed up as follows: 







•a 










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3 


a 


■3 














M 


£ 


a 


H 



General' Grant's five divisions, ... 
Gen. Lew Wallace's division 

Total Army of the Tennessee, 
Army of the Ohio 

Grand total, Union Army, .. 
Confederate Army 

Total loss at Sliiloh 



1,472 
41 


6,350 
251 


2.S26 
4 


10, 648 

296 


1,513 
241 


6,601 
1,807 


2,830 
55 


10,944 
2,103 


1,754 
1,728 


8,408 
8,012 


2.S85 
959 


13,047 
10,699 


3,483 


16, 420 


3,844 


23,746 



This gives a Confederate loss of twenty-four aud one-third 
per cent, of those present for duty, and a loss in the five divi- 
sions of Grant's army present for duty Sunday of twenty-six 
and three-fourths per cent. 

It is impossible to give losses of each day separately except 
as to general officers and regimental commanders. These are 
reported by name, and it is found that casualties among the 
officers of these grades are as follows: 

In the five divisions of Grant's army, loss on Sunday, 45 

In the same divisions, loss on Monday, 2 

In Lew Wallace's division, loss on Monday, • 

In the Army of the Ohio, loss on Monday, 3 

Total loss general officers and regimental commanders, Sunday 
and Monday, 50 

In Confederate Army, casualties to officers of like grade, on Sunday 

were, 30 

In Confederate Army, Monday 14 

Total loss of general officers and regimental commanders, Con- 
federate Army 44 



If nothing else was determined by the battle of Shiloh this 
fact was demonstrated: That the American soldier from the 
North or South, could be depended upon to do his whole duty 
in any emergency. If there had been previous to that time, 
by soldiers of either army, a feeling of contempt for his op- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 281 

ponent or a suspicion that he was Lacking in true soldierly 
qualities, this battle disabused his mind of all such thoughts, 
and ever after, if he heard expressions of such sentiments 
from others, his complete answer was "you were not at 
Shiloh." 

No general pursuit of the Confederates was made. The 
orders of General Halleck forbade pursuit,* so the Confed- 
erates were allowed to retire to Corinth while the Union army 
occupied itself in burying the dead and caring for the wounded 
until General Halleck arrived, and assuming command, in- 
augurated the "advance upon Corinth,'" in which the most con- 
spicuous and leading part was played by the spade. 

In answer to an inquiry made by the Secretary of War, 
General Halleck said:f 

The newspaper accounts that our divisions were surprised are utterly 
false. Every division had notice of the enemy's approach hours before the 
battle commenced. 

Later, in transmitting a map to the Secretary, he said :f 

The impression, which at one time seemed to have been received by the 
Department, that our forces were surprised in the morning of the 6th, is 
entirely erroneous. I am satisfied from a patient and careful inquiry 
and investigation that all our troops were notified of the enemy's approach 
some time before the battle commenced. 



DETAILED MOVEMENTS OE ORGANIZATIONS. 



THE ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 

On the 6th day of April, 1862, the Army of the Tennessee 
was encamped on the west bank of the Tennessee river; the 
First, Second, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth divisions at Pittsburg 
Landing, with 89,830 officers and men present for duty; the 
Third division at Crump's Landing, with 7,564 officers and men 
present for duty. 

General Grant's headquarters was at Savannah, Tenn., 
where he was awaiting the arrival of General Buell. While 

♦11 War Records, pp. 97, 104. tlO War Records, p. 99. 



282 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

at breakfast early Sunday morning, April 6, General Grant 
heard heavy firing at Pittsburg Landing, and leaving orders 
for General Nelson to move his division up the east bank of 
the river to Pittsburg, General Grant and staff repaired to the 
battlefield, where he arrived at about eight P. M. He visited 
each of his divisions at the front, and finding that the attack 
was by a large force of the enemy, he sent an order for his 
Third division to hasten to the field and a request to General 
Buell for re-inforcements. The Army of the Tennessee was 
gradually driven back until at sunset it occupied a position 
extending from the landing to Snake Creek Bridge. In this 
position it repulsed an attack made by the Confederates at 
six o'clock P. M. 

General Grant passed the night in bivouac with his troops, 
without shelter, and early next morning, reinforced by his 
Third division and by General Buell with three divisions of 
the Army of the Ohio, lie renewed the battle, and at four P. M. 
had regained possession of the entire field. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

(McClernand's.) 

This division, composed of three brigades of infantry, four 
batteries of artillery, one battalion and two companies of 
cavalry, was ordered from Savannah to Pittsburg, March 20. 
1862, and went into camp across the main Corinth road about 
one-half mile east of Shiloh Church. On Sunday morning, 
April 6, 1862. the division formed for battle with its Third 
brigade thrown forward to support Sherman's left; its First 
and Second brigades along the Corinth road; McAllister's bat- 
tery at the northwest corner of the Review field; Burrow's 
battery at center of Second brigade; Dresser's battery at 
Water Oaks Pond; Schwartz's battery, first to Sherman's 
right, then at the crossroads. The division was attacked at 
about nine A. M. and was driven from its position along the 
Torinth road at about eleven A. M. with the loss of Burrow's 
battery, one gun of McAllister's battery, and one gun of 
Schwartz's battery. It made its next stand at right angles 
to the center of its Second brigade camp, where Dresser's 
battery lost four guns. The division then retired to its fourth 



The Baltic of Shiloh. 283 

line, in the camp of its Virsl brigade, where it rallied and in 
a countercharge drove the Confederates back and recovered 
the whole of the cam]) of the Second Brigade and McCler- 
nand's headquarters, and captured Cobb's Kentucky battery 

at twelve M. It held this advance but a short time, when it 
was driven slowly back until at 1 wo P. M. it was again in the 
tield of its First Brigade camp, where it held its fifth line 
until two thirty P. M. It then retired across Tilghman creek 
to its sixth line, at "Cavalry Field," where at four thirty P. 
M. it repulsed a charge made by Pond's brigade and Wharton's 
cavalry, and then retired to the Hamburg and Savannah road, 
Where, with its left thrown back, it bivouacked Sunday night. 
It advanced Monday morning over the same ground where 
it fought on Sunday, and at four P. M. re-occupied its camps 
on the field. 

First Brigade. 
(Hare's.) 

This brigade of four regiments, forming the right of the 
First division, was encamped in Jones Field. It moved from 
its camp at about eight A. M., April 6, 1862, by the left flank 
and formed in line of battle on the ridge between the Review 
field and the Corinth road, its left in edge of Duncan Field, in 
the following order from left to right: Eighth Illinois, Eigh- 
teenth Illinois, Thirteenth Iowa. The Eleventh Iowa, de- 
tached from the brigade, formed still farther to the right, sup- 
porting Dresser's battery at the Water Oaks Pond. 

In this position the three left regiments were attacked 
about ten A. M. by Shaver's brigade of Hardee's corps, and 
at eleven A. M. were driven back across the Corinth road, the 
left behind the north side of Duncan Field. This position 
was held until McClernand advanced and recovered his camp 
at noon. These regiments then retired with the division the 
Thirteenth Iowa participating in the repulse of Wharton's 
cavalry on sixth line at four thirty. Here Colonel Hare was 
wounded, and Colonel M. M. Crocker, Thirteenth Iowa, took 
command of the brigade and conducted the three regiments to 
bivouac near the Fourteenth Towa camp. The Eleventh Iowa, 
in support of Dresser's battery, fell back to the third and 
19 



284 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

fourth lines with its division, and in the rally and recovery 
of camps it captured a standard from the enemy, and in con- 
junction with the Eleventh and Twentieth Illinois captured 
Cobb's battery. The regiment then fell back and at night 
was still supporting the two remaining guns of Dresser's 
battery, in position at the left of the siege guns. 

On Monday this brigade was attached to Tuttle's command, 
which served as reserve for General Crittenden's division, 
Army of the Ohio, until about three P. M., when it was or- 
dered to the front and charged the enemy southwest of Re- 
view field, the Eighth and Eighteenth Illinois each capturing 
one gun from the enemy. 

Second Brigade. 

(Marsh's.) 

This brigade of four regimen is was encamped, with its left 
in Woolf Field, in the following order of regiments from left 
to right: Forty-fifth Illinois, Forty-eighth Illinois, Twentieth 
Illinois, Eleventh Illinois. It formed line of battle on its 
parade ground Sunday morning, April 6, 1802, and at about 
eight A. M. moved out, first to the front, but immediately 
afterwards to the left, and formed along the Corinth road, 
its left at the northwest corner of the Review field, its right 
near the crossroads. Burrow's battery at the center. 

In this position the brigade was fiercely attacked by Wood's 
brigade of Hardee's corps and Stewart's brigade of Polk's 
corps. It withstood the attack from about ten A. M. to 
eleven A. M., when it fell back about seven hundred yards 
and re-formed at right angles to the center of its camp. It 
held this position for a short time and then fell back to Jones 
Field, where it rallied and in conjunction with other troops 
recaptured its camp at about noon. In this advance the 
Twentieth and Eleventh Illinois, assisted by the Eleventh 
Iowa, captured Cobb's Confederate battery. The brigade re- 
tained possession of parts of its camp for about two hours, re- 
tiring slowly to Jones Field, where it was engaged until two 
thirty P. M., when it fell back to Hamburg and Savannah road, 
where its three left regiments united with the Third brigade 
and bivouacked Sunday night, just south of McArthur's head- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 285 

quarters. The Eleventh Illinois, reduced to a captain and 
eighty men, bivouacked near the siege guns, and was in re- 
serve on Monday. The Twentieth, Forty-fifth and Forty- 
eighth Illinois formed a part of Marsh's command on Monday 
and advanced nearly west, recovering their camps at about 
three P. M. 

Third Brigade. 

(Raith's.) 

This brigade of four regiments was camped along the Ham- 
burg and Purdy road, its right near the left of the Second 
brigade, in the following order from left to right: Forty-ninth 
Illinois, Forty-third Illinois, Twenty-ninth Illinois, Seven- 
teenth Illinois. 

Colonel Kearden, senior officer present, being sick, Colonel 
Raith was informed, after his regiment was in line of battle, 
that he was to command the brigade. Under orders from 
division commander, he moved the right of his brigade for- 
ward to Shiloh Church to the support of Sherman's left. In 
this position the brigade was attacked about nine A. M., April 
6, 1862, on its left flank bv Wood and Stewart and in front 
by Russell and Johnson, and was driven slowly back to the 
crossroads, where it joined the right of the Second Brigade. 
Here the Seventeenth and Fortv-third, while supporting 
Schwartz's battery, were subjected to a crossfire of artillery 
and lost heavily. Colonel Raith was mortallv wounded. The 
Fortv-third was surrounded and cut its way out. losing forty- 
three men killed, that were buried in one trench near the 
crossroads. Lieutenant Colonel Wood, who succeeded to the 
command of the brigade, did not hold his brigade intact. The 
Seventeenth and Fortv-third rallied at McClernand's third 
line and again at his forth position, where they were joined 
bv the Fortv-ninth. The Seventeenth and Fortv-ninth then 
retired to Hamburg and Savannah road. The Fortv-third was 
eno-ap-ed in the advance and retakine - of the camp at noon, 
and then joined the Seventeenth and Forty-ninth at Hamburg 
and Savannah road, where the three regiments were engaged 
at four thirtv P. M., and bivouacked Sundav night. On Mon- 
day these regiments joined Marsh's command and served with 



286 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

him until the enemy retired from the field. The Twenty-ninth 
was engaged at Cavalry Field in resisting Pond's attack at 
four thirty P. M., after which it retired to siege guns, where 
it remained Sunday night and Monday. McAllister's bat- 
tery lost one gun at northwest corner of Review Field, and 
was afterwards engaged in McClernand's fifth and sixth posi- 
tions, and at the landing a I six P. M., and on Monday, with 
Marsh's brigade. 



SECOND DIVISION. 
(W. H. L. Wallace's.) 

This division, composed of three brigades of infantry, four 
batteries of artillery, and four companies of cavalry, was com- 
manded by Brigadier General C. F. Smith until April 2, 1862, 
when, on account of Smith's disability, Brigadier General W. 
H. L. Wallace was assigned to the command. 

The division arrived at Pittsburg Landing March eighteen 
and established its camp near the river between the Corinth 
road and Snake creek. It formed at eight A. M., Sunday 
morning, April sixth, when the First and Second Brigades 
and three batteries were conducted by Wallace to a position 
on Corinth road just east of Duncan Field, where Tutllc's 
brigade was formed south of the road, and two regiments of 
Sweeny's brigade on north side of the road. The other regi- 
ments of Sweeny's brigade were held in reserve for a time and 
then distributed to different parts of the field. McArthur's 
brigade was detached from the division and served on other 
parts of the field. Batteries D. H, and K, First Missouri 
Light Artillery, were placed on a ridge behind Tuttle's bri- 
gade. In this position Wallace was attacked at about nine 
thirty A. M. by Shaver's brigade, assisted by artillery located 
in the Review field. At ten thirty A. M. the attack was re- 
newed by Shaver, Stephens and Stewart, followed at noon 
by four determined attacks by Gibson's brigade. General 
Ruggles then took charge of the Confederate forces in front 
of Wallace and assembled ten batteries and two sections of 
artillery on the west side of Duncan Field, and sent Wood, 
Anderson, Stewart and Cleburne to reinforce Shaver in a re- 
newed attack upon Wallace's front. At the same time the 



The Battle of Shiloh. 287 

Uuiou forces on Wallace's right and left retired, allowing 
the enemy to gain bis flanks and rear. Seeing that he was be- 
ing surrounded, Wallace sent his batteries to the rear and 
then attemped to move his infantry out by the ilank along the 
Pittsburg road. While riding at the head of his troops and 
aear the fork of the Eastern Corinth road he received a mor- 
tal wound and was left for dead upon the field. When that 
part of the held was recovered on Monday General Wallace 
was found to be alive. He was taken to Savannah, where 
he died on the tenth. Four regiments of the division did not 
receive orders to retire in time to save themselves and were 
surrounded and captured at five thirty P. M. The remainder 
of the division, under the command of Colonel Tuttle, retired 
to the right of the siege guns where the troops remained in 
line Sunday night. 

On Monday the infantry commanded by Tuttle acted as re- 
serve to Crittenden's division of the Army of the Ohio, until 
about noon, when it advanced to front line on Crittenden's 
right and participated in all the after battles of the day. 

Battery A, First Illinois Light Artillery, served with Mc- 
Art bur's brigade on Sunday and had three guns in action with 
Sherman on Monday. The three Missouri batteries, when 
they retired from Wallace's line at five P. M., reported to Col- 
onel Webster near the landing and were put in line, where 
they assisted in repelling the last Confederate attack on Sun- 
day. They were not engaged on Monday. 

First Brigade. 
(Tuttle's.) 

This brigade of four regiments was encamped near the river 
north of the Corinth road. It moved to the front Sunday 
morning, April 6, 1862, by the Eastern Corinth road. When 
near southeast corner of Duncan field. Colonel Tuttle, rid- 
ing at the head of his brigade, discovered the enemy in the 
woods beyond the field. He at once turned the head of his 
brigade to the right and threw his regiments into line in an 
old road behind Duncan Field in the following order from 
left to right: Fourteenth Iowa, Twelfth Iowa, Seventh Iowa, 
Second Iowa. The right reaching to the Corinth road, the 



288 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

left extending one regiment beyond, or south of, Eastern Cor- 
inth road; the three right regiments behind a field; the left 
regiment behind a dense thicket. About nine thirty A. M. 
Confederate batteries opened fire upon the brigade. This 
was soon followed by infantry attack coming through the 
thick brush on the left. At about ten thirty A. M. Stephens' 
brigade made an attack through the field. He was repulsed 
when he reached the middle of the field. This was closely 
followed by a second attack by Stephens assisted by Gen- 
eral Stewart, commanding Hindman's division. About noon 
Gibson's brigade was sent against Tuttle's position, and made 
four determined but unsuccessful charges lasting until after 
two P. M., when it withdrew and Shaver made his third attack, 
in which Lieutenant Colonel Dean of the Seventh Arkansas 
was killed within a few yards of the front of the Fourteenth 
Iowa. General Buggies then assembled sixty-two pieces of 
artillery on west side of Duncan Field and concentrated their 
fire upon Tuttle and the batteries in his rear. At the same 
time Buggies sent Wood, Anderson and Stewart to re-inforce 
Shaver in a renewed attack at the front. While meeting this 
attack Tuttle was ordered at five P. M. to withdraw his bri- 
gade. He gave personal direction to the Second and Seventh 
Iowa and with them retired to the right of Hurlbut's division, 
near the siege guns, where he assumed command of the regi- 
ment of the Second Division and formed his line near the 
camp of the Fourteenth Iowa. The staff officer sent by Tuttle 
to order the Twelfth and Fourteenth Iowa to fall back di- 
rected the commanding officers of those regiments to "about 
lace and fall back slowly." Marching by the rear rank about 
two hundred yards, these regiments encountered Confederate 
troops across their line of retreat. These they engaged and 
forced back to the camp of Hurlbut's First Brigade, where 
the Confederates were reinforced and the two regiments, to- 
gether with two from the Third Brigade, and a part of Pren- 
tiss' division were surrounded and captured at five thirty P. 
M. The Fourteenth Iowa surrendered to the Ninth Missis- 
sippi of Chalmers' brigade, which had occupied the extreme 
right of the Confederate army. The Tw r elfth Iowa surren- 
dered to Colonel Loonev, of the Thirty-eighth Tennessee, 



The Battle of Shiloh. 289 

Pond's brigade, from the extreme left of the Confederate 
army. 

The Second and Seventh Iowa were with Tuttle's command 
on Monday in reserve to General Crittenden. During the day 
the Second Iowa was sent to reinforce Nelson's left and in a 
charge across a tield defeated an attempt of the enemy to turn 
the left of the Army of the Ohio. Later the Seventh Iowa 
charged a battery in Crittenden's front. 

Second Brigade. 
(McArthnr's.) 

This brigade, composed of five regiments, the Ninth and 
Twelfth Illinois, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Missouri, and the 
Eighty-first Ohio, was encamped on Hamburg and Savannah 
road near Snake creek. The first order to the brigade Sun- 
day morning, April 6, 1862, disunited its regiments and sent 
them to different parts of the tield, and they were not united 
again until after the battle was over. 

The Thirteenth Missouri went to Sherman; the Fourteenth 
Missouri and Eighty-first Ohio to guard Snake creek bridge. 
General McArthur, with the Ninth and Twelfth Illinois and 
Willard's battery, moved directly south along the Hamburg 
road to the support of Colonel Stuart. Finding that Stuart 
had moved to the left rear of his camps, McArthur formed 
his command to Stuart's right rear just east of the Peach Or- 
chard, the Ninth Illinois on the right next to Hamburg road; 
the Twelfth Illinois to its left ; Willard's battery in rear of the 
Ninth. In this position McArthur sustained himself against 
Jackson's brigade until about two P. M., when Bowen from 
reserve corps was sent to reinforce Jackson. Under this 
combined attack .McArthur was compelled to fall back. The 
Ninth Illinois, having lost fifty-eight per cent, of men en- 
gaged, retired to camp for ammunition and repairs. It was 
again engaged near its camp at four thirty V. M., and then 
joined Tuttle's command at the Fourteenth Iowa camp, and 
served with him on Monday. The Twelfth Illinois fell back 
to a second position where it joined the Fiftieth and Fifty- 
seventh Illinois and was engaged until about four P. M., when 



290 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

it retired to its camp and passed the night. On Monday it 
was engaged with McClernand's command. 

The Fourteenth Missouri was engaged Sunday in a skirmish 
with Brewer's cavalry on the right of Union line. On Monday 
it joined the Third division and supported Thompson's bat- 
tery. The Eighty-first Ohio remained on guard at Snake creek 
bridge until three P. M. It then moved south to Hurlbut's 
headquarters, where it Avas engaged in the four thirty conflict 
on Hamburg road. It bivouacked on McClernand's left Sun- 
day night and served with Marsh's command on Monday. The 
Thirteenth Missouri joined McDowell's brigade on Sunday 
and was engaged with it in the conflict with Trabue at noon. 
It bivouacked Sunday night near Ninth Illinois camp and 
joined Sherman on Monday. General McArthur was wounded 
on Sunday and was succeeded in command by Colonel Morton, 
of the Eighty-first Ohio. 

2hird Brigade. 

(Sweeney's.) 
This brigade was composed of Eighth Iowa and the Seventh, 
Fifteenth, Fifty-second, Fifty-seventh and Fifty-eighth Illi- 
nois. It was encamped between the First and Second bri- 
gades and followed the First brigade Sunday morning, April 
6, 1862, on the Corinth road to the Eastern Corinth road, 
where it halted in reserve. The Fifty-eighth and Seventh Illi- 
nois were at once moved forward to Duncan Field, where they 
formed at nine thirty A. M., on north side of the Corinth road, 
prolonging Tuttle's line and connecting with McClernand's 
left. Soon after, the Fiftieth Illinois was detached and sent 
to the left, where it became engaged on McArthur's left. It 
fell back with the Twelfth Illinois to position east of the 
Bloody Pond, where it was joined at about three P. M., by 
the Fifty-seventh Illinois. These regiments held their posi- 
tion on left, of the army until four P. M., when they fell back 
and supported Stone's battery near the landing in the last 
action of the day. About noon the Eighth Iowa was put in 
line between Tuttle and Prentiss, where it supported Hicken- 
looper's battery until five P. M. The Fifty-second Illinois was 
sent about three P. M., to the right. As it was moving down 



The Battle of Shiloh. 291 

Tilghman creek it ran into Wharton's cavalry, which was mov- 
ing up the creek. A few volleys were exchanged by head 
of column, then the Fifty-second moved to the camp of the 
Fifteenth Illinois and was there engaged in repelling Pond's 
four thirty P. M. attack. It then retired to the siege guns. 
The Seventh and Fifty-eighth Illinois, on Tuttle's right, and 
the Fighth Iowa, on his left, participated in all the engage- 
ments described in the account of Tuttle's brigade until four 
P. M., when the Seventh retired to McClernand's seventh line. 
The Eighth Iowa and the Fifty : eighth Illinois were sur- 
rounded and captured at the same time Prentiss was cap- 
tured. Colonel Sweeny was wounded on Sunday and was sue 
ceeded on Monday by Colonel Baldwin, Fifty-seventh Illinois. 

THIRD DIVISION. 
(Lew Wallace's.) 

This division, composed of three brigades of infantry, two 
batteries of artillery, and two battalions of cavalry, was en- 
camped north of Snake creek; the First brigade at Crump's 
Landing; the Second brigade at Stony Lonesome; the Third 
brigade at Adamsville. Sunday morning, April G, L862, hear- 
ing sounds of battle up the river, General Wallace ordered his 
command to concentrate at Stony Lonesome, where at eleven 
thirty A. M., he received orders from General Grant, directing 
him to join the right of the army then engaged on tLe south 
side of Snake creek. At twelve M., leaving two regiments and 
one gun to guard the public property at Crump's Landing, 
GeneralWallace started with hisFirst and Second brigades for 
the battlefield by the turnpike road, which led to the right 
of Sherman's division as formed for battle in the morning. 

At about two thirty P. M., a staff officer from General Grant 
overtook General Wallace on this road and turned him back 
to the river road, by which the Third brigade having fallen 
into column, his division reached the battlefield after the 
action of Sunday was over. 

The division bivouacked in line of battle, facing west along 
the Savannah road north of McArthur's headquarters; the 
First Brigade on the left, with Thompson's battery on its 
right; the Second brigade in the center; the Third brigade on 
the right, with Thurber's battery at its center. 



292 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

At daylight Monday morning, April 7, 1862, the batteries 
of the division engaged and dislodged Ketchum's Confederate 
battery, posted in the camp of the Eighth Illinois. At six 
thirty A. M., the division, its right on Owl creek, advanced en 
Echelon of brigades, left in front, crossed Tilghman creek, and 
drove the Confederates from their position at Oglesby's head- 
quarters. Then wheeling to the left against the left flank 
of the enemy, it advanced fighting, until at four P. M. it had 
pushed the Confederates through the Union camps and be- 
yond Shiloh Branch. Near nightfall the division retired 
under orders to General Sherman's camps, where it bivou- 
acked Monday night. 

First Brigade. 

(Smith's.) 
This brigade was encamped at Crump's Landing. It moved 
out two and one-half miles on Purdy road to Stony Lonesome 
and joined the Second brigade early Sunday morning, April 
0, 1862. At twelve M., it started for Shiloh by a road leading 
southwesterly toward the right of Sherman's camps. At 
about two thirty P. M., the brigade was counter marched to 
the Adamsville and Pittsburg road by which it reached the 
battlefield about dark and bivouacked in front of the camp 
of the Fourteenth Missouri. On Monday the brigade formed 
in Perry Field, near Mc Arthur's headquarters; the Twenty- 
f ouith Indiana on the left, the Eleventh Indiana on the right, 
and the Eighth Missouri in reserve. At about six thirty A. 
M., it advanced across Tilghman creek and at eight A. M., en- 
tered the field of Hare's brigade camp. It crossed said field 
in a southwesterly direction, driving back the Confederate 
forces, thence through the Crescent Field and to McDowell's 
brigade camp, where it bivouacked Monday night. Losses 
during the day, eighteen killed and one hundred aud fourteen 
wounded. The Twenty-fourth Indiana lost its Lieutenant Col- 
onel, one captain and one lieutenant killed. 

Second Brigade. 
(Thayer's.) 
This brigade, consisting of Twenty-third Indiana, First Ne- 
braska, Fifty-eighth Ohio and Sixty-eighth Ohio, was encamped 



The Battle of Shiloh. 293 

at Stony Lonesome, two and one-half miles from the Tennes- 
see river, on the Purely road. The Sixty-eighth Ohio was de- 
tailed to guard the baggage, the other regiments of the bri- 
gade followed the First brigade in its march toward Shiloh 
April 6, 1862. It countermarched, from a point four and one- 
half miles out, to the Adamsville and Pittsburg road, and 
thence via river road to the battlefield, where it arrived after 
dark and bivouacked, in line of battle, at the right of the 
First brigade. Monday morning it formed en Echelon in right 
rear of the First brigade, the First Nebraska on the left, the 
Twenty-third Indiana on the right, and the Fifty-eighth Ohio 
in reserve. It followed the movements of the First brigade 
through the day and bivouacked at night in the camp of the 
Firty-sixth Ohio. 

Third Brigade. 

(Whittlesey's.) 

This brigade of four Ohio regiments, to wit, the Twentieth, 
Fifty-sixth, Seventy-sixth and Seventy-eighth, was encamped 
at Adamsville, four miles from Crumps. It formed in line 
earl}' Sunday morning, April (!, 1862, when firing was heard 
at Shiloh, with all its camp equipage on wagons, and re- 
mained in line until two P. M., when orders were received to 
join the other brigades en route for Shiloh. It marched on 
direct road toward Pittsburg, falling in behind the other bri- 
gades as they came back into that road from the counter- 
march. At about four P. M., the Fifty-sixth was detached 
and ordered to go with baggage to Crumps Landing. The 
other regiments arrived on the battlefield after dark and bi- 
vouacked in front of the camp of the Eighty-first Ohio. Mon- 
day morning the brigade formed the extreme right of Union 
line, its right, the Seventy-sixth, on the swamps of Owl creek, 
the Seventy-eighth on the left in rear of the right of the 
Second brigade, the Twentieth in reserve, until it crossed 
Tilghman creek, when it took position on the right. Retain- 
ing this formation the brigade advanced, swinging to the left 
until eleven A. M., when it was transferred to left of the divi- 
sion in support of Stuart's brigade of Sherman's division. 
The Seventv-sixth remained on the left, the other regiments 



294 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

soon returned to the right, the Twentieth in front line, the 
Seventy-eighth in reserve. The last engagement by this bri- 
gade was between the Twentieth Ohio, in the held near Mc- 
Dowell's headquarters, and Confederates at camp of Forty- 
sixth Ohio. The brigade bivouacked in camp of Sixth Iowa 
Monday night. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 
(Hurlbut's.) 

This division, composed of three brigades of infantry, three 
batteries of artillery, and two battalions of cavalry, arrived 
at Pittsburg Landing on boats March 16, 1862. On the eigh- 
teentn it disembarked and established its camps about one 
mile from the river, near the point where the Hamburg and 
Savannah road crosses the road from Pittsburg to Corinth. 

The division was formed about eight A. M., Sunday morn- 
ing, April 6, 1862, and soon after the Second brigade was sent 
to re-inforce General McClernand. 

The First and Third brigades, with the artillery, moved out 
to the support of Prentiss' division, but finding that Prentiss 
was falling back, Hurlbut put his division in line at the Peach 
Orchard field, the First brigade on the south side, the Third 
brigade on the west side, the batteries in the field. In this 
position he was attacked by Chalmer's and Gladden's bri- 
gades, which were following Prentiss' division, and by Robert- 
son's, Harper's and Girardey's batteries, which were stationed 
in Prentiss' camps. A shell from one of these batteries blew 
up a caisson belonging to Myer's Thirteenth Ohio battery; the 
men stampeded, abandoning their guns, and were not again 
in action at Shiloh. 

Mann's battery fought with the division all day, and again 
on Monday. Ross' battery did excellent service until ordered 
to fall back at four P. M., and was preparing to retire to the 
landing when it was charged by Lindsay's Mississippi cavalry 
and captured. Only two guns were saved. 

Hurlbut held his position on two sides of the Peach Orchard 
until about one thirty P. M., when he was attacked by Breck- 
inridge's corps. Finding that Stuart was falling back on the 
left, Hurlbut retired to the north side of the field with his 



The Battle of Shiloh. 295 

First brigade, and transferred his Third brigade from the 
right to the left flank. Here he maintained himself until 
three P. M., when he was again obliged to retire to the left 
of his camps. About four P. M., he found that his left w;is 
again being turned and fell back to the siege guns and re- 
formed. The Second brigade rejoined the division and all 
participated in the final action of the day. The division bi- 
vouacked in line of battle in front of the siege guns, and on 
Monday the First and Second brigades and Mann's battery 
formed on McClernand's left; the Third brigade reported to 
Sherman. All were engaged until the Confederates retired 
from the field. 

First Brigade. 

(Williams'.) 

This brigade of four regiments was encamped across the 
Corinth road, one and one-fourth miles from the river. On 
Sunday morning, April 6, 1862, at about eight o'clock, it moved 
out on the Hamburg road and formed line of battle along the 
south side of the Peach Orchard field in following order from 
left to right: Forty-first Illinois, Twenty-eighth Illinois, 
Thirty-second Illinois, Third Iowa. In this position it was 
attacked by skirmishers from Chalmer's brigade and by artil- 
lery fire, by which Colonel Williams was disabled and the com- 
mand of the brigade passed to Colonel Pugh, Forty-first Illi- 
nois. Chalmers brigade 1 was withdrawn and Colonel Pugh 
retired his brigade to the center of the field, where he was 
attacked at about one thirty P. M. by^Statham's and Stephens' 
brigades, and at 2.30 was driven back to the north side of the 
field. The Thirty-second Illinois was transferred to the left 
of the brigade east of Hamburg road, and lost its Lieutenant 
Colonel Ross, killed. As the left of the line was driven back. 
Colonel Pugh again fell back to the Wicker Field, where he 
held his line until four P. M., when the brigade retired, under 
Hurlbut's orders, to position near siege guns, where it re- 
mained in line Sunday night. The Third Iowa, occupying the 
right of Hurlbut's line, connected with Prentiss and remained 
until about five P. M., then retired through its camp and along 
Pittsburg road just before the Confederates closed their line 



296 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

behind Prentiss. Major Stone, commanding the regiment, 
was captured; other casualties of the day among the officers 
left the regiment in command of Lieutenant Crosley. He 
joined his command to the Thirteenth Iowa in the last action 
of the day, and then reported to his brigade commander. He 
commanded the regiment, in action with his brigade, the next 
day. 

On Monday the brigade formed on McClernand's left and 
was engaged until noon. 

Second Brigade. 
(Veatch's.) 

This brigade, of four regiments, was encamped across the 
Hamburg and Savannah road, north of the Corinth 
road. It was sent April 6, 1862, to reinforce McCler- 
nand and moved out along the Corinth road and 
formed in line behind Marsh's brigade at about nine A. 
M. in the following order from left to right: Twenty-fifth In- 
diana, Fourteenth Illinois, Forty-sixth Illinois, Fifteenth Illi- 
nois. It became engaged at about ten thirty A. M., and at 
eleven A. M. was compelled to retire. The Twenty-fifth In- 
diana and Fourteenth Illinois fell back two hundred yards, 
changing front to rear on left companies, and formed along 
the road that runs from review field past McClernand's head- 
quarters. A little later they retired to the right of Hare's 
brigade, where they held their position until afternoon, when 
they fell back to McClernand's sixth line, where they were en- 
gaged in Pond's repulse at four thirty P. M., after which they 
joined Hurlbut in his last position on Sunday. 

The Fifteenth Illinois lost all its field officers and several 
captains at first position and retired at eleven A. M. to the 
Jones Field, where it was joined by the Forty-sixth Illinois 
in supporting Barrett's battery. These two regiments joined 
McDowell's left in the advance at twelve M., and continued in 
line until one P. M., when they retired — the Fifteenth Illinois 
to join Hurlbut, the Forty-sixth Illinois to its camp for din- 
ner; later the Forty-sixth joined Marsh's command on the 
Hamburg road and assisted in the final action of the day and 
was with Marsh's command on Monday. The Fourteenth and 
Fifteenth Illinois and Twentv-fifth Indiana, under Colonel 



The Battle of Shiloh. 297 

Watch, formed the left of the Army of the Tennessee on 
Monday and joined McCook's right until about eleven A. M., 
when they crossed the Corinth road near Duncan's and were 
engaged in Review field and in front line until four P. M. 

Third Brigade. 

(Lauman's.) 

This brigade had formerly belonged to the Army of the 
Ohio, where it was known as Cruft's brigade. It was sent 
from that army to reinforce Grant at Fort Donelson and had 
remained with the Army of the Tennessee. General Lauman 
was assigned to the command April 5, 1862. Its camp was on 
the south side of Dill Branch, its right at the Hamburg road. 
About eight A. M., Sunday, April 6, 1862, it moved out to the 
west side of the Peach Orchard field and formed line with its 
right in the woods near the head of Tilghman creek. The 
order of its regiments from left to right was: Seventeenth 
Kentucky, Twenty fifth Kentucky, Forty-fourth Indiana, 
Thirty-first Indiana. About nine A. M., it was attacked 
through the timber on its right by Gladden's brigade, closely 
followed in succession by attacks, upon its whole line, by 
Stephens' brigade and the right of Gibson's brigade. One of 
the features of the battle at this place was the burning of the 
leaves and brush in the woods where the wounded were lying. 

About two P. M., the brigade was transferred to the left 
and formed in open woods just east of the Hamburg road, the 
Thirty-first Indiana in reserve on left flank. This posi- 
tion was held until about four P. M., when the brigade 
retired with its division to the siege guns. After 
the action for the day had closed it moved one hundred 
and fifty yards to front and bivouacked for the night. On 
Monday at ten A. M., it reported to Sherman and served with 
him until close of the battle. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 

(Sherman's.) 

This division, of four brigades of infantry, three batteries 
of artillery, two battalions, and two independent companies 



298 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

of cavalry, was organized at Paducah, about the 1st of March, 
1862. It went up the Tennessee river to the mouth of Yel- 
low creek, and returned to Pittsburg, March sixteen, disem- 
barked, and marched out to Monterey, returned to Pittsburg, 
and established its camps on the nineteenth along the Ham- 
burg and Purdy road, its center at Shiloh Church. On Sun- 
day morning, April 6, 1862, the division formed in front of 
its camps where its Third and Fourth brigades became en- 
gaged at seven thirty A. M. Those brigades, reinforced by 
Raith's brigade of the First division, held the line until ten 
A. M.,when Sherman attempted to fall back to the Purdy road. 
In this movement his Third and Fourth brigades became dis- 
organized and retired to Hamburg and Savannah road, only 
parts of regiments remaining in line. McDowell's brigade, 
when ordered at ten A. M. to fall back, became engaged in 
Crescent Field and afterwards on McClernand's right until 
after two P. M. 

Stuart's brigade was engaged with Chalmers on the ex- 
treme left until two P. M. Barrett's battery formed in front 
of Shiloh Church and opened fire at seven thirty A. M.; then 
at ten A. M. retired to Jones Field, where it was engaged 
until two P. M., when it retired to the river. Waterhouse's 
battery went into action at seven A. M. with two guns at 
Rhea House; these soon retired to main battery one hundred 
and fifty yards in rear, where the full battery remained in 
action until ten A. M., when it was outflanked and lost three 
guns. The remainder of the battery retired disabled from the 
field. Behr's battery was with McDowell's brigade, one gun 
guarding the bridge at Owl creek. When Sherman ordered 
McDowell to join his other brigades near Shiloh Church, Cap- 
tain Behr moved five guns down the road, and was directing 
them into battery when he was killed; his men stampeded, 
leaving the guns on the field. The gun at Owl creek served 
with McDowell in his first engagement, then retired. 

On Monday Stuart's and Buckland's brigades were engaged 
on the left of Lew. Wallace all day. Sherman was wounded 
on Sunday, but kepi the field until the enemy retired on Mon- 
day. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 299 

First Brigade. 

(McDowell's.) 

This brigade, of three regiments, was encamped on the Bam- 
burg and Purdy road, its right on the high ground near Owl 
creek, in the following order from left to ri^lit : Fortieth Illi- 
nois, Forty-sixth Ohio, Sixth Iowa. At the first alarm Sun- 
day morning, April 6, 1862, each regiment formed upon its 
color line. Two companies of the Sixth Iowa, with one gun 
of Behr's battery, were on guard at the bridge over Owl creek. 
About eight A. M. the brigade was advanced to the brow of 
the hill overlooking Shiloh Branch, the Fortieth Illinois join- 
ing the right of Buckland's brigade. After a skirmish with 
Pond's brigade, McDowell was ordered at ten A. M. to retire 
to the Purdy road and move to the left to connect with Buck- 
land's brigade near the crossroads. In obedience to this 
order the brigade abandoned its camps without a contest and 
moved by the left flank past McDowell's headquarters, when 
it was discovered that the Confederates occupied the road be- 
tween this brigade and Buckland's. McDowell then moved 
directly north and put his brigade in line on west side of Cres- 
cent Field, facing east, where he engaged and drove back the 
force of the enemy moving into said field. The brigade then 
moved northeasterly across Crescent Field and into Sowell 
Field, facing south, its left at Sowell house, where it con- 
nected with McClernand's at eleven thirty A. M., and ad- 
vanced with him to the center of Marsh's brigade camp. Here 
the Sixth Iowa was transferred from right to center of bri- 
gade, and Thirteenth Missouri placed between the Fortieth 
Illinois and Sixth Iowa, the Forty-sixth Ohio slightly in rear 
and to the extreme right of the line. 

At about twelve M., the brigade was attacked on its right 
flank by Trabue. In an engagement lasting until one thirty 
P. M., the Sixth Iowa had fifty-two killed — they were buried 
in one grave where they fell; the Forty-sixth Ohio had two 
hundred and forty-six killed and wounded, and the Fortieth 
Illinois two- hundred and sixteen killed and wounded. The 
brigade commander was thrown from his horse and disabled. 
At two thirty P. M. the brigade retired to the landing and 
later formed behind Hurlbut. On Monday, the Sixth Iowa 
20 



300 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

and Fortieth Illinois were attached to Garfield's brigade of 
Army of the Ohio, and remained with him until Wednesday, 
but were not engaged. 

Second brigade. 
(Stuart's.) 

This brigade, of three regiments, was encamped at the junc- 
tion of Hamburg and Purdy road with the Hamburg and 
Savannah road in the following order from left to right: 
Fifty-fifth Illinois. Fifty fourth Ohio, Seventy-first Ohio; a 
company from each regiment on picket, one at Lick Creek 
Ford, two on Bark road. These pickets gave warning, about 
eight A. M., April G, 1S62, of the approach of the enemy. 

Stuart formed his brigade on regimental color lines, but 
finding that he was exposed to artillery fire from batteries 
on bluff south of Locust Grove creek, and obeying orders to 
guard Lick Creek Ford, he moved at ten A. M. to his left, 
placing the Fifty-fourth Ohio on his left behind McCullers 
field, the Fifty-fifth Illinois next to right, and the Seventy first 
Ohio with its right behind the left of the Fifty-fifth Illinois 
camp. Chalmers placed his brigade in line on the bluff south 
of Locust Grove creek, and, after clearing Stuart's camps with 
his artillery, moved across the creek and attacked the Fifty- 
fourth Ohio and Fifty-fifth Illinois in position. After a short 
conflict Stuart withdrew to a ridge running due east from his 
headquarters. The right, Seventy-first Ohio, occupying the. 
buildings used as Stuart's headquarters, was here attacked 
by the right of Jackson's brigade and very soon retired, leav- 
ing a captain and fifty men prisoners. One part of the regi- 
ment under the Major passed down a ravine to the Tennessee 
river, where they were picked up by a gunboat; another part 
retired to the landing where they joined the brigade at night. 

The Fifty-fourth Ohio and Fifty fifth Illinois, with Stuart in 
command, successfully resisted the attacks of Chalmers until 
two P. M.. when their ammunition was exhausted and they 
were obliged to fall back to the landing, where they re-formed 
at the Log House, the Fifty-fourth Ohio in what is now the 
cemetery, the Fifty-fifth Illinois to its right supporting 
Silfversparre's battery, where they were engaged in resist- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 301 

ing Chalmer'e Sunday evening attack. Stuart was wounded 
on Sunday and was succeeded on Monday by Colonel T. Kilby 
Smith, who, with the Fifty-fourth Ohio and Fifty-fifth Illinois, 
joined Sherman's command and foughl on righl next to Lew. 
Wallace all day. 

Third Brigade. 
i Hildebrand's.) 

This brigade was encamped with its right, the Seventy-sev- 
enth Ohio, at Shiloh Church; its left, the Fifty-third Ohio, 
near the Rhea House and separated from the Fifty-seventh 
Ohio by a small stream with marshy margins. About seven 
A. M., April 6, 1862, the brigade formed to meet the attack 
of the enemy, the Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh in ad- 
vance of their camps in the valley of Shiloh Branch. The 
Fifty-third, being threatened by an attack in left flank, formed 
its line perpendicular to the left of its camp. While in this 
position the brigade was attacked from the front by Cle- 
burne's and Wood's brigades. This attack, falling upon the 
exposed flank of the Fifty third, compelled it to change front 
to the rear on left company and form a new line in rear of its 
camp. Attacked in this position, the regiment fell back dis- 
organized, passing to the rear around the flank of the Forty- 
ninth Ilinois, eight companies going to the landing at once, 
two companies under the adjutant, E. C. Dawes, joining the 
Seventeenth Illinois. The eight companies were reformed 
near the landing by the Major and supported Bouton's bat- 
tery in McClernand's seventh line, and on Monday advanced 
with Marsh's command. 

The Fifty-seventh and Seventy-seventh were re-inforced by 
Raith's brigade of the First division and held their positions 
for some time, when they, too, fell back disorganized and w T ere 
not again in line as regiments. Colonel Hildebrand acted as 
aid for General McClernand during Sunday. 

JFourth Brigade. 
(Buckland's.) 

The brigade was encamped with its left at Shiloh Church in 
the following order from left to right: Seventieth Ohio, Forty- 



302 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

eight Ohio, Seventy-second Ohio. It formed for battle Sun- 
day morning, April 6, 1862, about two hundred yards in front 
of its camps, where it withstood the attacks of Cleburne, An- 
derson and Johnson until ten A. M. Its right flank was then 
threatened by Pond and Trabue and it was ordered to fall 
back to the Purdy road. In making this movement the bri- 
gade was disorganized and scattered. The Colonel of the Sev- 
entieth Ohio with a portion of his regiment joined the Third 
brigade of McClernand's division fell back with it to Jones 
Field, where it joined McDowell's brigade and was engaged 
with it until one P. M., when it retired to the Hamburg road. 
The Adjutant and forty men of the Seventieth joined the 
Eleventh Illinois and fought with it until night. The Forty- 
eighth and Seventy-second retired to Hamburg and Savannah 
road, where Colonel Buckland reorganized his brigade and 
was engaged in the four thirty P. M. affair, after which the 
Forty-eighth retired to the river for ammunition and spent 
the night in line near the log house, the Seventieth and Sev- 
enty-second passing the night in bivouac near McArthur's 
headquarters. 

On Monday the brigade was reunited, and, with Stuart's bri- 
gade, formed Sherman's line that advanced to the right of 
McClernand's camps, thence southwesterly along the front 
of said camps to Shiloh Church, where the brigade re-occu- 
pied their camps at about four P. M. 

SIXTH DIVISION. 
(Prentiss'.) 

On the 26th day of March, 1862, General Grant, by Special 
Order No. 36, assigned General Prentiss to the command of 
unattached troops then arriving at Pittsburg Landing, with 
directions to organize these regiments, as they arrived upon 
the field, into brigades, and the brigades into a division, to be 
designated the Sixth division. 

Under this order one brigade of four regiments, commanded 
by Colonel Peabody, had been organized and was encamped on 
the west side of the Eastern Corinth road, four hundred yards 
south of the Barnes Field. Another brigade, commanded by 
Colonel Miller, Eighteenth Missouri, was partially organized. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 303 

Three regiments had reported and were in camp on the east 
side of the Eastern Corinth road. Other regiments on their 
way up the river had been ordered to report to General Pren- 
tiss, but had not arrived. 

The Sixteenth Iowa arrived on the held on the fifth and sent 
its morning report to General Prentiss in time to have it in- 
eluded in his report of present for duty that day; it was not 
fully equipped and did not disembark from the boat until 
morning of the sixth. The Fifteenth Iowa and Twenty-third 
Missouri arrived at the landing Sunday morning, April 6, 1862. 
The Twenty-third Missouri reported to General Prentiss at 
his third position about nine thirty A. M., and was placed in 
line at once as part of his command. The Fifteenth and Six- 
teenth Iowa were, by General Grant's order, sent to the right 
to reinforce McClernand. They reported to him at his fifth 
line in Jones Field, and were hotly engaged from about one P. 
M. to two thirty P. M. Hiekenlooper's Fifth Ohio battery and 
Munch's First Minnesota battery and two battalions of 
Eleventh Illinois cavalry had been assigned to the division 
and were encamped in rear of the infantry. One company 
from each regiment was on picket one mile in front of the 
camps. On Saturday, April five, a reconnoitering party under 
Colonel Moore, Twenty-first Missouri, was sent out to the 
front. Colonel Moore reported Confederate cavalry and some 
evidences of an infantry force in front, but he failed to de- 
velop a regular line of the enemy. Prentiss doubled his pick- 
ets, and at three A. M., Sunday sent sent out another party 
of three companies of the Twenty-fifth Missouri, under Major 
Powell, to reconnoiter well to the front. This party encoun- 
tered the Confederate picket under Major Hardcastle in 
Fraley's field at four forty-five A. M. These pickets at once 
engaged, and continued their fire until about six thirty A. M., 
when the advance of the main line of Hardee's corps drove 
Powell back. 

General Prentiss, hearing the firing, formed his division at 
six A. M., and sent Peabody's brigade in advance of his camp 
to relieve the retiring pickets and posted Miller's brigade 
three hundred yards in front of his camp, with batteries in the 
hold at right and left of the Eastern Corinth road. In this 
position the division was attacked at eight A. M. by the bri- 



304 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

gades of Gladden, Shaver, Chalmers and Wood, and driven 
back to its camp, where the contest was renewed. At nine 
A. M., Prentiss was compelled to abandon his camp and fall 
back to his third position, which lie occupied at nine five A. 
M., in an old road between The divisions of Hurlbut and W. H. 
L. Wallace. Hickenlooper lost two guns in first position and 
Munch had two disabled. Each brought four guns into line 
at the Hornets' [Nest. Prentiss was here joined by the 
Twenty-third Missouri, which gave him about 1,000 men at his 
third position. With this force he held his line against the 
attacks of Shaver, Stephens and Gibson, as described in ac- 
count of Tuttle's brigade, until four P. M., when Hurlbut fell 
back and Prentiss was obliged to swing his division back at 
right angles to Tuttle in order to protect the left flank. 
When Tuttle's left regiments marched to the rear Prentiss 
fell back behind them towards the Corinth road and was sur- 
rounded and captured at five thirty P. M. near the forks of the 
Eastern Corinth road. Hickenlooper and Munch withdrew 
just before they were surrounded, Hickenlooper reporting to 
Sherman and becoming engaged in the four thirty action on 
Hamburg road. Munch's battery reported to Colonel Web- 
ster and was in position at mouth of Dill Branch, where it 
assisted in repelling the last attack Sunday night. 

First Brigade. 
(Peabody's.) 

This brigade of four regiments was encamped on west side 
of Eastern Corinth road, about one-half mile south of Ham- 
burg and Purdy road, in the following order from left to right: 
Sixteenth Wisconsin, Twenty-first Missouri, Twelfth Michi 
gan. Twenty-fifth Missouri. Three companies of the Twenty- 
fifth Missouri under its Major, Powell, were sent out at three 
A. M., April 6, 1862, to reconnoiter. Moving southwest from 
camp, Powell passed between the Rhea and Seay fields and 
into the main Corinth road, where one of Sherman's picket 
posts was stationed. Beyond the picket, and near the south- 
east corner of Fraley field, he encountered Confederate pick- 
ets, and was fired upon at four fifty-five A. M. After an en- 
gagement of over an hour, Powell fell back before the advance 






The Battle of Shiloh. 305 

of Wood's brigade to the Seay Held, where he was re-inforced 
by Colonel Moore with his regiment, the Twenty-first Mis 
souri, and four companies of the Sixteen I h Wisconsin. Col- 
onel Moore look command, but was soon severely wounded, 
and Captain Saxe, Sixteenth Wisconsin, was killed. Lieuten- 
ant Colonel Woodvard, Twenty-first Missouri, assumed com- 
mand, and was engaged about one hour, when he fell back to 
Rhea held, where he was met by Colonel Peabody and the re- 
mainder of the brigade. Peabody held the Confederates in 
check until eight A. M., when he fell back to his camp. Here 
he was attacked by the brigade of Sinner and the right of 
Wood's brigade. Peabody was killed and the brigade forced 
to abandon its camp at nine A. M. The brigade organization 
was broken up, a part retiring through McClernand's lines 
and about two hundred of the Twenty-first Missouri and one 
hundred of the Twelfth Michigan joining Prentiss at his third 
position, where they were surrounded and most of them cap- 
tured at five thirty P. M., Sunday afternoon. 

Second Brigade. 
(Miller's.) 

This brigade had three regiments in camp — a fourth 
assigned and reported but not yet in camp. The regiments 
were encamped betweeii the Eastern Corinth road and Locust 
Grove in the following order from left to right: Eighteenth 
Wisconsin, Sixty-first Illinois, Eighteenth Missouri. The Six- 
teenth Iowa arrived at the landing on Saturday. April 5, 1862. 
The Colonel reported for duty and handed in his morning re- 
port, so that his regiment is included in Miller's report of 
present for duty. Not being fully equipped, the regiment did 
not go to camp, but remained at landing; on Sunday it, with 
Fifteenth Iowa, was, by order of General Grant, held for a 
time near the landing to stop stragglers, and then sent to re- 
inforce McClernan at his fourth line, where they were en- 
gaged and lost heavily. 

The Eighteenth Wisconsin arrived on the field on Saturday 
afternoon and went at once into camp, but did not get into 
the morning report of that day and are not included in .Mil- 



306 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ler's present for duty. The brigade was formed for battle 
Sunday morning at six o'clock three hundred yards in front 
of its camp, at south side of Spain held, where it was attacked 
by Gladden and Chalmers at eight A. M., and was driven back 
into camp, and at nine A. M., was compelled to abandon its 
camp. Parts of the Eighteenth Wisconsin and Eighteenth 
Missouri, about three hundred men, formed with Prentiss at 
his third position and remained with him until captured at 
five thirty P. M. The Sixty-first Illinois passed beyond or 
through Hurlbut's line and was in reserve behind that division 
all day Sunday, except about an hour when it relieved another 
regiment in front line. 

UNASSIGNED. 

The Fifteenth Michigan arrived at Pittsburg Landing, April 
6, 1862. Arms had been issued to the men, but no ammuni- 
tion had been supplied. The regiment moved out upon the 
field early Sunday morning and formed line and stacked knap- 
sacks, at the left of the Eighteenth Wisconsin in Locust 
Grove, just as Chalmers appeared in front and moved to the 
attack. Failing to obtain ammunition, Colonel Oliver ordered 
his men to fix bayonets, as if to charge the a'pproaching Con- 
federates, but reconsidered and about faced his men and re- 
turned to the landing, where he obtained ammunition and 
again joined the fighting line at some place not now deter- 
mined. On Monday morning the regiment joined Rousseau's 
brigade of the Army of the Ohio and fought with conspicuous 
gallantry all day. 

The Fourteenth Wisconsin arrived upon the field Sunday 
night, and on Monday joined Smith's brigade of the Army of 
the Ohio and served with it all day. It assisted in the cap- 
ture of a battery, one gun of which was awarded to this regi- 
ment and sent to the State of Wisconsin. 

Silfversparre's battery (H), First Illionis, arrived upon the 
field Sunday, April six. Its guns were four twenty-pounder 
Parrots. Horses had not been supplied. The men got the 
guns up the bank and placed them in battery in front of the 
Log House, where they were engaged Sunday evening. 

Bouton's battery (I),. First Illinois, arrived at Pittsburg, 
Sunday morning fully equipped, but without drill, and with 



The Battle of Shiloh. 307 

horses that had never been harnessed to a gun. The battery 
was taken ashore and reported to Sherman, and rendered 
good service in repelling last attack upon his line at four 
thirty P. M. It remained with Sherman on Monday ali day, 
and received speeial mention by Colonel Gibson of the Army 
of the Ohio. 

Siege Guns. — Battery B, Second Illinois. The guns belong- 
ing to this battery were, under the direction of Colonel Web- 
ster, gotten ashore Sunday afternoon and placed in position 
one-fourth of a mile west of the Log House, where they 
formed a rallying point for all troops coming back from the 
front. 

Powell's battery {¥), Second Illinois, was encamped near 
the landing awaiting an assignment which Captain Powell 
understood would place him in Me demand's division. After 
waiting some time on Sunday morning for orders, Powell at- 
tempted to take his battery to McClernand. He moved out 
along the Corinth road, passing through Sweeny's troops at 
east side of Duncan field and arriving near the Duncan House, 
after Hare's brigade had fallen back, found himself, suddenly, 
in close proximity to the Confederate line of battle. In re- 
tiring one gun was upset and left just behind the Duncan 
field. With five guns Powell reported to W. H. L. Wallace 
near the left of his line, where he was engaged until about 
five o'clock, when Captain Powell was wounded and his bat- 
tery retired to its camp, where it was engaged at six P. M. in 
the final action of Sunday. 

Margraf's, Eighth, Ohio battery arrived at the landing the 
last of March. By an order issued April two it had been as- 
signed to the Third division, but had not reported to that di- 
vision. The only official report of its action is given in the 
report of the First Minnesota, which says thai the "Eighth 
Ohio was on its left in the action of six P. M., Sunday, at the 
mouth of Dill Branch." 

ARMY OF THE OHIO. 

Soon after the consolidation of the Departments of the 
Ohio and Missouri, General Halleck ordered General Buell 
to move his army from Nashville to Savannah, Tenn., and 



308 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

formed junction with the Army of the Tennessee. Upon Gen 
oral Buell's suggestion to march his army across the country 
rather than transfer it by boats, it was so ordered, and Gen- 
real Buell with the advance of his army reached Savannah, 
Tenn., April 5, 1802. Early Sunday, April six, General Grant 
informed General Buell by note* of the situation at Shiloh 
and ordered General Nelsonf to march his division up the 
cast side of the Tennessee to a point opposite Pittsburg 
Landing, where boats would be found to ferry him across 
the river. General Buell and staff reached Pittsburg Land- 
ing by boat between two and three o'clock. Ammen's bri- 
gade, the advance of Nelson's division, arrived upon the field 
at about five thirty P. M., a part of it engaging in the repulse 
of the Confederates in the last attack of Sunday. During 
the night the remainder of Nelson's division and Critten- 
den's division arrived on the field, and early Monday morn- 
ing two brigades of McCook's division reached the landing. 

In the action of the seventh the Army of the Ohio occupied 
the left of the Union line, extending in a semicircle from the 
Tennessee river, south of Pill Branch, to north side of the 
Corinth road one mile from the landing, Nelson's division on 
the left, Crittenden in the center, McCook on the right. 
"The enemy on a line slightly oblique to ours and beyond 
open fields with a battery in front of Nelson's left, a bat- 
tery in front of Crittenden's left, a battery in front of Crit- 
tenden's right and McCook's left and another battery in 
front of McCook's right. A short distance in rear of the 
enemy's left were the encampments of McClernand's and 
Sherman's divisions, which the enemy held. While troops 
were getting into position, Mendenhall's battery engaged the 
enemy's second battery with some effect. Bartlett's bat- 
tery engaged the enemy's third battery. "$ 

The divisions of the Army of the Ohio moved forward pre- 
serving their relative positions in line and became engaged 
about eight A. M. They advanced slowly until about two 
P. M., when Wood's division arrived just as the final retreat 
of the Confederates began. In the forward movement Mc- 
Cook's division kept the main Corinth road, Crittenden's di- 
vision about the direction of the eastern Corinth road. This 

*109 War Records, 232. til War Records, 95. IGeneral Buell's report. 




NEAR THE EXTREME RIGHT OF THE UNION LINE 
S H I L O H. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 309 

separated these divisions so that at about eleven A. M. 
Veateh and Tattle, from the Army of the Tennessee, were 
moved into the interval between McCook and Crittenden and 
became engaged in the Review field. Ai four P. M. the Con- 
federates had retired from the field, and the Army of the 
Ohio bivouacked on a line extending from Stuart's camps 
through Prentiss' camps to near Shiloh Church. 

TerrilFs battery (H), Fifth United States, belonging to Mc- 
Cook's division, was detached for service with Nelson and 
was in action on Hamburg road and at the Peach Orchard. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 
(Nelson's.) 

The head of this division arrived opposite to Pittsburg 
Landing about five P. M., April 6, 1862. One brigade. Am- 
nion's, crossed the river and parts of the Thirty-sixth In- 
diana and Sixth Ohio were engaged in the closing action of 
Sunday. At nine P. M. the entire division had crossed the 
Tennessee river and formed along the north side of Dill 
Branch, where it bivouacked Sunday night with pickets 
across the branch. At 5.30 A. M., on the seventh the divi- 
sion advanced and at seven A. M. formed on south side of 
the branch and awaited the completion of the line. At 
eight A. M. it attacked the Confederates in the Peach Or- 
chard. Mendenhall's battery with the right and TerrilFs 
battery with the left. The division gained the south side of 
the Peach Orchard at two P. M., the Confederates retiring. 
This closed the conflict on the left. The division remained 
in line until night and bivouacked with its left in Stuart's 
camps, its right near Prentiss' headquarters. 

Tenth Brigade. 

(Ammen's.) 

This brigade, composed of the Thirty-sixth Indiana and the 
Sixth and Twenty fourth Ohio, crossed the Tennessee river 
at five thirty P. M., Sunday, April (i. 1862. Eight companies 
of the Thirty-sixth Indiana and four companies of the Sixth 
Ohio were formed one quarter of a mile in front of the Log 
House in support of Stone's battery, "the left in a ravine 



310 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

parallel with the Tennessee river and having water in it." 
These companies participated in the final repulse of the Con- 
federates Sunday night. The Twenty-fourth Ohio was sent 
one-half mile to the right, but did not become engaged. After 
the repulse of the enemy the brigade formed three hundred 
yards in advance on the crest of the bluffs of Dill Branch, 
where it bivouacked Sunday night. On Monday it formed 
line of battle with the Thirty-sixth Indiana on the left, the 
Sixth Ohio on the right, and the Twenty-fourth Ohio in re- 
serve, and at five thirty A. M. crossed the ravine and at eight 
A. M., became engaged on the extreme left of the Union line, 
near Tennessee river. At about eleven A. M. Ammen's ad- 
vance was checked by an attempt of Confederates to turn 
his left. He was reinforced by Second Iowa and another 
regiment and repulsed the attack. He reached Stuart's camp 
at about one P. M., but was driven back. At two P. M., this 
camp was again taken, the Confederates retiring from this 
part of the field. 

Nineteenth Brigade. 

(Hazen's.) 
This brigade reached the battlefield at nine P. M., April 6, 
1862, and bivouacked, on the right of the division, south of 
the siege gun battery, in the following order: Ninth Indiana 
on the left, Sixth Kentucky on the right, and the Forty-first 
Ohio in reserve. The brigade advanced at five thirty A. M., 
April seven, and became engaged about eight A. M. at Wicker 
field. The Ninth Indiana lost heavily at the house on the 
north side of the Peach Orchard. The brigade then advanced 
to the Wheat field, where a battery was captured and its 
guns spiked by the Forty-first Ohio. This advanced position 
was held only a few minutes, the brigade falling back some- 
what disorganized to Wicker field, from which it advanced 
at two P. M. across the west side of Peach Orchard and took 
position near Prentiss' headquarters. It was not again en- 
gaged, and bivouacked there Monday night. 

Twenty-second Brigade. 
(Bruce's.) 
This brigade arrived at Pittsburg Landing about six o'clock 
Sunday evening, April 6, 1862. It bivouacked between the 



The Battle of SMloh. 311 

Tenth and Nineteenth brigades, the Second Kentucky on the 
left, the First Kentucky on the right, and the Twentieth 
Kentucky in reserve. 

It held the center of the division all day and was engaged 
in a charge across the Teach Orchard, in which a battery was 
captured and lost again. At two P. M. the enemy retired 
and this brigade took position on south side of Peach Or- 
chard, where it bivouacked Monday night. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 
(( Jrittenden's.) 

This division, consisting of the Eleventh and Fourteenth 
brigades and Mendenhall's and Bartlett's batteries, came 
from Savannah on boats, arriving at Pittsburg Landing dur- 
ing the night of Sunday, April G, 1802, and bivouacked along 
the Corinth road in the rear of Nelson's division. Early 
Monday morning it moved out and formed line in front of 
the camps of the Thirty-second and Forty -first Illinois, join- 
ing Nelson's right, the Fourteenth brigade in front line, the 
Eleventh brigade in reserve. At about eight A. M., the divi- 
sion advanced and soon after became engaged at the position 
held by Prentiss and Tuttle on Sunday. Bartlett's battery 
on the right near the fork of the Eastern Corinth road was 
engaged until twelve noon, when it retired to the landing 
for ammunition. Mendenhall's battery was engaged on Nel- 
son's right until after noon, when it took position in rear of 
the Fifth division and was there engaged until the close of 
action. 

The division was engaged along the Eastern Corinth road 
and east of Duncan field about four hours, in which time 
both brigades and all its regiments were repeatedly en- 
gaged. It advanced, capturing some guns; was repulsed and 
driven back to the road several times. At about two P. M. 
it gained and held the Hamburg and Purdy road, which ended 
the fighting on this part of the line. It bivouacked Monday 
night in front of Prentiss' camps. 

Eleventh Brigade. 
(Boyle's.) 
This brigade formed in rear of the Fourteenth brigade at 
eight A. M.. Monday. April 7, 1862, near Hurlbut's headquar- 



312 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

ters, in the following order from left to right: Ninth Ken- 
tucky, Thirteenth Kentucky, Nineteenth Ohio, the Fifty- 
ninth Ohio in reserve. Al about ten A. M. it became en- 
gaged at the east side of Duncan field, the Nineteenth Ohio 
in front of Bartlett's battery. The brigade relieved the 
Fourteenth brigade and was engaged on the front line in two 
or three engagements and finally took position on right of 
the Fourteenth and held it until night. The Nineteenth Ohio 
was at twelve M. sent to the support of Nelson's division and 
was engaged at the Peach Orchard. 

Fourteen th Brigade. 

(Smith's.) 

This brigade formed in front of the camps of the Thirty- 
second and Forty-first Illinois at eight A. M., Monday, April 
7, 1862, in the following order: Thirteenth Ohio on the left, 
Twenty-sixth Kentucky on the right, and the Eleventh Ken- 
tucky in reserve. The Fourteenth Wisconsin was attached 
temporarily to the brigade and placed on the right of the 
Twenty-sixth Kentucky. It served with the brigade all day. 
The brigade advanced, with its right on Eastern Corinth 
road, and became engaged along the sunken road, where Tut- 
tle and Prentiss fought on Sunday. It advanced through 
the thick brush and assisted in the capture of a battery in 
the Wheat field, but was obliged to abandon it and return to 
the old road. In the final action about two P. M. it captured 
some guns of another battery, which were successfully held 
as trophies by the brigade. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

(McCook's.) 

The advance of this division, Rousseau's brigade, reached 
Pittsburg Landing. Monday, April 7, 1862, and took its place 
in line of battle at eight A. M. on Crittenden's right. Kirk's 
brigade formed in rear of Rousseau. These brigades were 
joined by Gibson's about noon. The advance of the division 
was along the Corinth road to the Water Oaks Pond, where 
it was engaged at noon. Its last engagement was at Slier- 




I 



-J 

I 

(D 



The Battle of Shiloh. 313 

man's headquarters, from which point the Confederates re- 
tired from the field. 

TerrilFs battery belonging to (his division w;is engaged 
on Nelson's left until two 1*. -M.. when il moved toward the 
right and engaged a battery in McCook's front. 

Fourth Brigade. 
(Rousseau's.) 

This brigade formed in line of battle on Crittenden's right 
at eight A. M., April 7, L862, in front of the camp of the 
Third Iowa, in the following order: Sixth Indiana on the left, 
First Ohio in the center, First battalions of Nineteenth, Fif- 
teenth and Sixteenth United States Infantry on the right, 
and the Fifth Kentucky in reserve. The Fifteenth Michi- 
gan was attached temporarily to this brigade and served 
with it all day. At nine A. M. the brigade advanced across 
Tilghman creek and engaged Trabue's brigade until about 
eleven A. M., when Trabue retired and Rousseau advanced 
to iVoolf field, where he found a force of the enemy on its 
west side. His ammunition being exhausted, Rousseau re- 
t *ed and Kirk's brigade took his place in the first line. As 
soon as ammunition was supplied Rousseau took position 
again in the front line and engaged the enemy until he re- 
tired from the field. 

Fifth Brigade. 

(Kirk's.) 

This brigade was in rear of Rosseau until about noon, 
when it relieved that brigade and formed in front line behind 
the Water Oaks Pond in following order: Thirty-fourth Illi- 
nois on the left, Thirtieth Indiana in the center, and the 
Twenty-ninth Indiana on the right; the Seventy-seventh Penn- 
sylvania detached to the left, where it was twice charged by 
cavalry. Later in its advance the Seventy-seventh captured 
two guns of a Confederate battery, and still later Colonel 
Battle, Twentieth Tennessee. The Thirty-fourth Illinois in 
the first advance passed directly through Water Oaks Tond. 
Its commander. Major Levanway. was killed, and Colonel 



314 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Kirk, commanding the brigade, was wounded. The engage- 
ment here was the last effort of the Confederates to hold 
their line, and closed the fighting for the day. 

Sixth Brigade. 
(Gibson's.) 

This brigade arrived upon the field about noon and joined 
its division at Woolf field, and was at once ordered into line 
on Kirk's left, where it became engaged at once. The Thirty- 
second Indiana was detached and is mentioned in the reports 
as having made a bayonet charge in front of Kirk's brigade 
near the pond. It followed the retiring Confederates until 
ordered to return. It failed to find its division and bivou- 
acked by itself Monday night. The other regiments of the 
brigade bivouacked near the camp of the Fourth Illinois cav- 
alry. 

SIXTH DIVISION. 

(Wood's.) 

This division arrived upon the field about two P. M. It 
was ordered into line on Crittenden's right. When it got 
into position the battle was about over, and only Wagner's 
brigade became engaged, and that only for a few minutes, the 
Fifty-seventh Indiana having four men wounded. The divi- 
sion bivouacked in rear of the right of Prentiss' division 
camps. 

THE ARMY OP THE MISSISSIPPI (CONFEDERATE). 

This army assembled near Corinth Miss. It was organized 
into four army corps and commenced its movements toward 
Pittsburg, April 3, 1862, under General Order No. 8, which di- 
rected the Third corps, Major General Hardee, to move from 
Corinth by Kidge road to near Mickey's, at the intersection 
of the Ridge road with road from Monterey to Savannah; the 
Second corps, Major General Bragg, to assemble at Monterey 
and move thence to the Ridge road near Mickey's, in two col- 
umns, the left wing by the Purdy and the right wing by the 
Savannah road, falling in behind Hardee's corps; the First 



The Battle of Shiloh. 315 

corps, Major General Polk, to assemble at Mickey's, taking 
the road behind Bragg's corps; Ruggle's division coming from 
Corinth by the Ridge road; Cheatham's division from Bethel 
and Purdy; the Reserve corps, Brigadier General Breckin- 
ridge, to assemble at Monterey, from Burnsville, and follow 
Bragg's corps to Mickey's and fall in behind Polk's corps; the 
cavalry to deploy on the flanks guarding Lick creek fords 
on the right and the road to Stantonville on the left. 

The order contemplated an attack upon the Union camps 
near Pittsburg Landing at sunrise Saturday morning, April 
five, but on account of bad roads and other delays the several 
corps were not in position assigned them until nearly dark 
on Saturday, and the attack was deferred until Sunday morn- 
ing, April six. The army bivouacked Saturday night in order 
of battle, the Third corps in the front line across the Pitts- 
burg Landing road one-half mile in advance of the forks of 
the Bark road; the Second corps eight hundred yards in rear 
of the first line ; the First corps in column of brigades in rear 
of the second line; the Reserve corps one mile in rear on the 
road to Mickey's.* 

General Johnston established his headquarters at the 
forks of the old Bark and Pittsburg roads. 

The forward movement to the attack commenced at about 
sunrise Sunday morning, April six, General Johnston in per- 
son accompanying the right, Gladden's and Shaver's bri- 
gades,* until the first camp was attacked. He then rode to 
the left, where Cleburne's brigade was advancing to the at- 
tack,* and from there conducted Stewart's brigade to the 
right. He then, from the- camp of the Eighteenth Wiscon- 
sin, directed the movements of Chalmer's and Jackson's bri- 
gades! to the right, while Hardee, who was with him here,$ 
was directing Shaver, Wood and Stewart to the left. Gen- 
eral Johnston then ordered the reserve corps forward, and 
at twelve thirty was placing these troops in position south 
of the Peach Orchard, he and his staff occupying for over an 
hour a position due south of the center of the Peach Orchard, 

*10 War Records, 614. 

*10 War Records, 403. 

tlO War Records, 532, 554, 558. 

J10 War Records, 569. 

21 



316 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

on the left bank of Locust Grove creek. § From this point 
he went forward behind Bowen's brigade, and was killed 
near the southeast corner of the Peach Orchard at two 
thirty P. M. His body was carried to Corinth that after- 
noon and was buried at New Orleans, La. 

General G. T. Beauregard, second in command, and com- 
manding the army after two thirty P. M., had his headquar 
ters Saturday night at the present forks of Bark arid Pitts- 
burg roads.] | At ten A. M., Sunday morning the general 
and his staff moved forward to within one-half mile of the 
camps (near Plum Orchard Hospital, according to Captain 
Irwin). About noon he moved up to the Rhea House and at 
two P. M. forward to the crossroads near Water Oaks Pond. 
Here he received information of the death of General John- 
ston and assumed command of the army. At night his head- 
quarters was established at General Sherman's tent, near 
Shiloh Church. From this point he directed the battle on 
Monday. When he directed the army to retire he personally 
placed a brigade and several pieces of artillery in position 
on the first ridge south of Shiloh Branch; a battery at Wood's 
house and Breckinridge's corps on the high ground near Bark 
road, and then with his staff retired to Corinth via Monterey. 

THIRD CORPS. 

(Hardee's.) 

This corps, consisting of three brigades, formed the first 
line of battle just behind Wood's field and cotton press. The 
three brigades not filling all the space desired, Gladden's 
brigade from Bragg's corps was added to the right and placed 
under Hardee's orders. The corps in line of battle had its 
center on, and perpendicular to, the Pittsburg road, its left 
near Owl creek, its right across the Bark road, in the follow- 
ing order of brigades from left to right: Cleburne's Second 
brigade. Wood's Third brigade, Shaver's First brigade, and 
Gladden's brigade. General T. C. Hindman was intrusted 
with the command of his own and Wood's brigade, and is, in 
a few cases, referred to as commanding a division. He re- 

IStatement of Senator Harris. 
||War Records, 401. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 317 

niained with his old brigade — the First — and does not appear 
to have given any orders to Wood, and is, in nearly every 
case referred to as commanding a brigade. He was disabled 
about eleven A. M. on the sixth, near the northeast corner 
of the Review field. The Third corps in its advance from 
Mickey's had a skirmish on Friday in which a few prisoners 
were taken on both sides; another engagement with a picket 
post near Howell's on Saturday, and on Sunday morning the 
picket of this corps, under Major Hardcastle, stationed at 
the corner of Fraley's and Wood's fields, was attacked at 
four fifty-five A. M. by a reconnoitering party sent out by 
General Prentiss. This affair between pickets lasted over 
an hour, the corps in the meantime getting into line and ad- 
vancing, driving back the reconnoitering party, and follow- 
ing it to the first line of camps, where the battle became gen- 
eral. 

General Hardee in person moved with the right of his line, 
where General Johnston was directing the battle, until the 
first camps were passed, when Hardee, after consulting with 
Johnston at the camp of the Eighteenth Wisconsin, went to 
the left* and took general direction of the left flank of the 
army the remainder of the day. 

On Monday he was in command on the extreme right of 
the line.f His corps remained intact until about nine A. M. 
of the sixth, when his troops intermingled with other troops. 
With the possible exception of two or three regiments of 
Cleburne's brigade, none of his corps were under his com- 
mand on Sunday after he moved to the left. Neither of his 
brigade organzations were under his command on Monday. 
Under General Beauregard's orders, Hardee commenced the 
withdrawal of his troops at one P. M. Monday. 

Third Brigade. 

(Wood's.) 

This brigade consisted of five regiments and two batta- 
lions of infantry, one battery of artillery, and one company 
of cavalry. It occupied the center of Hardee's line of battle 

*10 War Records, 404, 569. 
tlO War Records, 531. 



318 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Saturday night, its right on the Corinth and Pittsburg road, 
in the following order from left to right: Twenty-seventh 
Tennessee, Sixteenth Alabama, Forty-fourth Tennessee, 
Ninth Arkansas, Eighth Arkansas, Fifty-fifth Tennessee; the 
Third Mississippi on picket, and Harper's (Mississippi) bat- 
tery in rear of the infantry. Major Hardcastle with the 
Third Mississippi, on picket at the corner of two fields one- 
fourth mile in advance of the main line, was attacked at four 
fifty-five Sunday morning by a reconnoitering party sent out 
by General Prentiss. Hardcastle fought the party until six 
thirty,$ when the brigade advanced to his support and fol- 
lowing the reconnoitering party moved directly forward to 
the attack of the Union camps, which it reached at nine A. 
M.§ In this movement Wood's brigade was guide for first 
line.] | The left of Wood's brigade struck the front of the 
Fifty-third Ohio camp, its right extending into the camps of 
Peabody's brigade. The left wing, Twenty-seventh Tennes- 
see, by a movement to the right, avoided the camp of the 
Fifty-third Ohio, which was being swept by the fire of Water- 
house's battery, while the right passed directly through a 
part of Peabody's camp, pressing the Union forces back until 
Wood's left had passed Waterhouse's battery and become ex- 
posed to a left flank and rear fire,** and the right had reached 
a field in the rear of Peabody's camp. Here the brigade 
wheeled to the left and attacked the second line of camps to 
the rear of the battery* (Kaith's brigade camps). After mak- 
ing left wheel and adjusting his line by bringing the Ninth 
and Eighth Arkansas to the left flank — making his line from 
left to right Ninth Arkansas, Eighth Arkansas, Twenty-sev- 
enth Tennessee, Sixteenth Alabama, Forty-fourth Tennessee, 
Fifty-fifth Tennessee, and Third Mississippi — Wood moved 
directly forward, doubling up the left of Eaith's brigade and 
attacking McClernand's Second brigade on the Corinth road, 
where he captured Burrow's battery. In this attack General 
Wood was thrown from his horse and disabled so that he left 
the field until two thirty P. M. The brigade was disorganized 

+10 "War Records, 603. 
§10 War Records, 596. 
||10 War Records, 5S0. 
**10 War Records, 591. 
*10 War Records, 605. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 319 

and did not again act together during the day. The Twenty- 
seventh Tennessee rested from ten fifty until three P. M., 
then joined Wood when he resumed command. The Six- 
teenth Alabama and the Fifty-fifth Tennessee joined Shaver's 
brigade in its movement to the right under General Stew- 
artf and then, with the Third Mississippi, went to the rear 
with the prisoners,! returning to the field Monday morning. 

The Forty-fourth Tennessee became separated from the 
brigade during the charge and fought to the right of Shaver's 
brigade in Hornets' Nest.§ It joined Wood again at three 
o'clock. The Eighth Arkansas and the Ninth Arkansas 
rested an hour, then after twelve M. joined Cleburne's and 
Shaver's forces in an attack at Duncan House,|| and at three 
o'clock joined General Wood. The Third Mississippi joined 
Colonel Vaughan but was not engaged; it joined the Six- 
teenth Alabama and Fifty-fifth Tennessee as guard for the 
prisoners, and returned to the field on Manday. Harper's 
battery became detached Sunday morning and was engaged 
with Shaver's brigade, and in the afternoon with General 
Cheatham at Peach Orchard. Avery's Georgia Dragoons 
went to the right as guard at Greer's Ford. 

At two thirty P. M. on Sunday General Wood resumed 
command and brought together four regiments, the Twenty- 
seventh Tennessee, Eighth Arkansas, Ninth Arkansas, and 
the Forty-fourth Tennessee, and reported to General Ruggles 
west of Duncan House. At four o'clock he was sent with 
General Anderson to the right to attack the Union force at 
Hornets' Nest. He did not become engaged but followed the 
retiring troops of Turtle's brigade, and after the surrender 
moved toward the front and center near the present school- 
house. At sunset** he moved back to one of the encamp- 
ments in the rear. 

Monday morning he formed the remnant of the four regi- 
ments, not over six hundred and fifty men,ff and went into 
action on south end of Jones field. At eleven A. M., he fell 
back to Shiloh Church, and soon after moved to the right 

UO War Records, 597. 

UO War Records, 592, 593, 603. 

§10 War Records, 608. 

||10 War Records, 582, 599, 501, 603. 

**10 War Records, 593. 

ttlO War Records, 594. 



320 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

and made a charge at the Water Oaks Pond, where he en- 
gaged McCook's division and the left of Sherman's command. 
He then retired to high ground south of Shiloh Branch. Har- 
per's battery was on the right Monday. The Third Missis- 
sippi joined Wood on Monday near Shiloh Church. 

First Brigade. 

(Shaver's.) 

This brigade formed line of battle Saturday on Wood's 
right, its line extending from Pittsburg road to Bark road 
in following order from left to right: Seventh Arkansas, Sec- 
ond Arkansas, Sixth Arkansas, Third Confederate, Swett's 
(Mississippi) battery in the rear. The Fifth Arkansas and 
Miller's (Tennessee) battery are included with this brigade in 
"Organization of the army,'' but are not again mentioned in 
reports. 

The brigade moved forward at six thirty A. M., Sunday, 
meeting w r ith little resistance until within one-half mile of 
the Union camps. Here Swett's and Harper's* batteries 
took position on the right near Eastern Corinth road and en- 
gaged the Union batteries (Hickenlooper's and Munch's). A 
charge was ordered and Peabody's camp was captured and 
his men pursued to a ravine and to an old field (Barnes'), 
The Third Confederate continuing the pursuit beyond the 
ravine became' detached from its brigade and was engaged 
at Hornets' Nest soon after nine A. M. Colonel Shaver re- 
organized his command and was ordered to make change of 
front to the left, in conjunction with Wood's left wheel, to 
attack a camp (Raith's). Before completing the movement 
he was ordered to reform and move by left flank one-half 
mile* to an old farm, from which he attacked the enemy 
(Hare's brigade) behind a large field. The left regiments 
passed through this field, driving back Hare's brigade and 
occupying the ground one and one-halff hours. The right 
of the brigade passed to the right of the Review field and be- 
came engaged with Sweeny's and Tuttle's brigades and was 
exposed to a heavy cross fire from the Union batteries in the 

*10 War Records, 609. 
tlO War Records, 576. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 321 

rear of Tuttle. Swett's battery took position on Shaver's 
right and engaged those batteries. General Hindman was 
disabled by the fall of his horse and General Stewart took 
command of Hindman's troops, consisting of Shaver's bri- 
gade and the Sixteenth Alabama and Fifty fifth Tennessee of 
Wood's brigade, and placing the Fourth Teuuessee on the 
left of Shaver moved directly east from the northwest cor- 
ner of Review field to Duncan House and attacked the troops 
behind Duncan field. Stewart was repulsed, and Shaver's 
brigade retired about one mile to a camp to replenish ammu- 
nition. Between two and three o'clock Shaver's brigade 
made another attack at the Hornets' Nest and was again re- 
pulsed. In this charge Lieutenant Colonel Dean, Seventh 
Arkansas, was killed within fifty paces of the front of the 
Fourteenth Iowa. The brigade then fell back and was not 
again engaged on Sunday. It retired a little farther to the 
rear and bivouacked for the night. On Monday the brigade 
formed on the Bark road. After some time the Second and 
Sixth Arkansas advanced to the left with General Cheatham, 
where an attack was made about twelve M., and some guns 
captured, but were soon retaken, and the Confederates driven 
back in disorder. In attempting to rally his force Colonel 
Shaver was rendered senseless by the explosion of a shell 
near him, and his command disorganized, The Seventh Ar- 
kansas was in support of a battery on Monday and later in 
the day became engaged on the right. The Third Confeder- 
ate was detached to the right on Monday. Swett's (Missis- 
sippi) battery, after its participation in the attack at Hor- 
nets' Nest on Sunday, was placed by General Buggies in line 
of batteries on the east side of Review field, where it was 
supported by the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Tennessee. 
No record of Swett's battery in engagement on Monday. 

Second Brigade. 

(Cleburne's.) 

This brigade formed the left of Hardee's line, in the fol- 
lowing order from left to right: Second Tennessee (Bate), 
Twenty-fourth Tennessee. Fifth Tennessee (Hill), Sixth Mis- 



322 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

sissippi, Twenty-third Tennessee, the Fifteenth Arkansas in 
advance as pickets and skirmishers, Skoup'e battalion of artil- 
lery, consisting of Calvert's, Trigg's and Hubbard's Arkansas 
batteries, in rear of the infantry. The left of the brigade 
was near Widow Howell's. The advance was begun at six 
thirty A. M., Sunday, and at about eight A. M., the brigade 
became engaged along Shiloh Branch, its batteries on high 
ground in the rear. Its progress was impeded by the marshy 
ground and briers of the branch. After passing these ob- 
structions, the right — Sixth Mississippi and the Twenty-third 
Tennessee — charged through the camp of the Fifty-third 
Ohio, but were repulsed by the fire of Waterhouse's battery 
and the infantry of Raith's and Hildebrand's brigades. The 
Twenty-third Tennessee was rallied with difficulty, but the 
Sixth Mississippi renewed the attack with vigor, and charged 
again and again, until it lost three hundred men out of four 
hundred and twenty-five engaged. The left of the brigade 
met a like defeat in attempting to charge the position of 
Buckland's brigade and Barrett's battery, and was unable to 
advance until re-inforced by Anderson's brigade from Bragg's 
corps,* and by Russell's and Johnson's brigades from Polk's 
corps. With these reinforcements Cleburne rallied sixty 
men of the Sixth Mississippi and about half of the Twenty- 
third Tennessee and, in conjunction with troops from the 
other brigades, advanced along the Pittsburg Landing road 
to the point where Burrow's battery was captured, where he 
was joined by the Eighth Arkansas. With the fragments of 
these three regiments, Cleburne joined General Stewart at 
twelve, noon, in an attack upon position at Duncan House, 
where some of Cleburne's men were taken prisoners by the 
Seventh Illinois. At twelve thirty P. M., the Sixth Missis- 
sippi retired from the field, and the Twenty-third Tennessee 
was ordered to the rear to reorganize. Cleburne then went 
in search of the other regiments of his brigade and, at three 
P. M., found the Fifth and Twenty-fourth Tennessee and Fif- 
teenth Arkansas resting under the brow of a hill, where they 
were soon joined by the Twenty-third Tennessee. The Fifth 
Tennessee, Twenty-fourth Tennessee, and Fifteenth Arkan- 
sas had advanced through Buckland's camp at about ten 

*10 War Records, 471. 



The Battle of SMloh. 

A. M., aud had joined Pond and Trabue.f and with them were 
engaged at twelve M. to two thirty P. M. in front of Marsh's 
brigade camp, and had passed to rear of that camp when 
found by Cleburne. Colonel Bate, of the Second Tennessee, 
was wounded in front of Buckland's brigade, and the regi- 
ment was somewhat disorganized and was not again engaged 
on Sunday. On Monday, the Second Tennessee was engaged 
on the right under General Stewart. When Cleburne joined 
his left wing at three P. M., on Sunday, he advanced to the 
east side of Tilghman creek, where he was engaged at four 
thirty P. M., in the attack upon McClernand's sixth line. He 
then moved forward until he came under fire of the artillery 
and gunboats, where he halted until dark, when he was or- 
dered to the rear and retired to a camp near the Bark road. 
On Monday, soon after daylight, he advanced along the Bark 
road with four regiments (Fifth, Twenty-third and Twenty- 
fourth Tennessee, and the Fifteenth Arkansas), now reduced 
to eight hundred men, and became engaged in a thick under- 
brush at the left of General Breckinridge and the right of 
General Wood, where his brigade was repulsed and com- 
pletely routed. The Fifteenth Arkansas was the only regi- 
ment rallied. This continued in the fight until reduced to 
fifty-eight men. These were then ordered to the rear to re- 
plenish ammunition. 

Shoup's batteries were in position Sunday morning on high 
ground south of Shiloh Brauch. Trigg's and Hubbbard's bat- 
teries formed a part of Buggle's line at four P. M. Suuday. 
No information in regard to these batteries on Monday. 



SECOND CORPS. 
(Bragg's.) 

This corps of two divisions formed the second line of bat- 
tle and formed Saturday night, April 5, 1862, eight hundred 
yards in rear of the first line across, and perpendicular to the 
Pittsburg road; Gladden's brigade of Wither's division form- 
ed on Hardee's right; Buggle's division on the left, its 
right on the Bark road; Wither's division to right of the 

tRoman's Military Operations of General Beauregard. Extract from report of Lieu- 
tenant and Aid-de-camp A. R. Chisolm. 



324 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Bark road. The corps commenced its forward movement at 
about six thirty A. M. on Sunday. Soon after, the left bri- 
gade, Pond's, was detached to the left, and Chalmer's bri- 
gade moved forward to the right of Gladden. The advance 
was continued in this order until Hardee's line became en- 
gaged, when Bragg, "finding the first line unequal to the 
work before it," moved his whole corps to its support. In 
this movement Ruggle's division intermingled with the first 
line, and the two corps were not again separated during the 
battle. Withers on the right kept his Second and Third bri- 
gades well in hand and leading them to the extreme right 
continued in command of them all day. 

General Bragg in person followed his right and was with 
Gladden's brigade when Prentiss' camp was captured.* 
There were present at that time General Johnston, General 
Bragg, General Hardee, General AYitkers, General Hindman, 
and several brigade commanders.* General Bragg remained 
in this vicinity until ten thirty A. M., when he met General 
Polk at the left center, and by agreement with him returned 
to the right center, where he directed several charges at Hor- 
nets' Nest without success. Learning that General Johnston 
had been killed, General Bragg went to the right and as- 
sumed command of the forces there, consisting of Breckin- 
ridge's two brigades, Wither's two brigades, and one brigade 
of Cheatham's division. With this force he pressed the 
Union left along the Hamburg road until he reached the rear 
of Prentiss and Wallace and connected his troops with those 
of the extreme left. This surround compelled the surrender 
of Prentiss about the time the sun was disappearing.! Bragg 
re-formed his commands and was placing his troops in order 
for another advance when he received orders to withdraw his 
troops. Bragg remained with Beauregard near Shiloh 
Church Sunday night, and Monday morning was sent to the 
( Jonfederate left, where the troops of Pond, Wood, Cleburne, 
Cheatham, Gibson. Anderson and Trabue were engaged, in 
about the order named, from left to right. Under General 
Beauregard's orders he commenced to retire his troops at two 
P. M. 

*10 War Records, 537, 567. 
tlO War Records, 466. 






The Battle of Shiloh. 325 

SECOND DIVISION. 
(Withers'.) 

In this division were the brigades of Gladden, Jackson and 
Chalmers. It formed the right of Bragg's corps and formed 
in line Saturday night on the Bark road one-fourth mile cast 
of the forks of Pittsburg Landing road. Gladdens brigade 
was sent forward to the first line, Jackson's brigade three 
hundred yards directly in rear of Gladden, on right of Bark 
road, Chalmers', on Jackson's right, extending the line to 
tributary of Lick creek. 

In the advance Chalmers soon came up to Gladden's right 
and joined it in an attack upon Prentiss' camp. After cap- 
ture of Prentiss' camp Withers was ordered, with Chalmers 
and Jackson, down the Bark road to Lick creek to attack the 
Union left. He succeeded in driving Stuart back and follow- 
ing him, pressing back the Union left, reaching the rear of 
Prentiss and "Wallace, and receiving the surrender of part 
of these troops. He then moved to the right along the ridge 
south of Dill Branch and formed in line, then advanced into 
the valley of Dill Branch, from which place he made the last 
attack Sunday. He then withdrew, his division becoming 
disorganized. Chalmers' brigade and one regiment of Jack- 
son's brigade bivouacked in Stuart's camp; Withers person- 
ally in Prentiss' camp. On Monday the division had com- 
menced to retire from the field and had marched one mile when 
it was recalled and engaged on the right until two P. M., 
when it retired to Mickeys. 

First Brigade. 

(Gladden's.) 

This brigade was attached temporarily to Hardee's corps 
and took position Saturday night, April five, at the right of 
the first line of battle, its left on the Bark road, in the follow- 
ing order, from left to right: Twenty-sixth Alabama, Twenty- 
fifth Alabama. Twenty-second Alabama, Twenty-first Ala- 
bama, First Louisiana, and Robertson's battery in rear of in- 
fantry. 

The brigade advanced at six thirty A. M., Sunday along 



326 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

the line of Bark and Eastern Corinth roads until it became 
engaged at eight thirty A. M., in front of Prentiss' camps. 
The Twenty-second Alabama formed across the Eastern Cor- 
inth road. The Twenty-sixth, crowded out of position on 
the left by Shaver's brigade, took position on the right. In 
this attack General Gladden was mortally wounded, and 
Colonel Adams assumed command and drove Prentiss back, 
and at nine A. M., took possession of his camps and formed 
his brigades in a square at Prentiss' headquarters, where it 
remained inactive until about two o'clock. At two thirty 
Colonel Adams was wounded and Colonel Deas took com- 
mand, and soon after led the brigade, except the Twenty- 
sixth Alabama, to the right and reported to General Breck- 
inridge and becamed engaged in the last attack upon Pren- 
tiss. Here the Twenty-first and Twenty-fifth Alabama be- 
came separated from the brigade, and Colonel Deas formed 
the First Louisiana and Twenty-second Alabama (224 men) 
on the left of Jackson's brigade and remained in line until 
ordered back to camp for the night. The Twenty-sixth Ala- 
bama meantime made a charge across the west side of Peach 
Orchard, supported on left by Forrest's cavalry in the woods. 
On Monday one hundred and fifty men of the Twenty sixth 
Alabama joined Chalmers in two engagements, and then left 
the field. The Twenty-first Alabama was in Colonel Moore's 
command on Monday,* the First Louisiana and the Twenty- 
second Alabama with Buggies on the left of the line, where 
they were engaged until reduced to sixty men.f Bobertson's 
(Alabama) battery of 12-pounder Napoleons was first en- 
gaged on Eastern Corinth road in front of Prentiss' camp. 
After that, from a position in Prentiss' camp, it engaged the 
Union batteries in Peach Orchard and then reported to Bug- 
gies, east of Eeview field. On Monday it was with the Con- 
federate right. The Twenty-fifth Alabama joined a Missouri 
regiment on Monday! 'First Missouri, Bowen's brigade). 

*10 War Records, 556. 
110 War Records, 539. 
J10 War Records, 544. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 327 

Second Brigade. 

(Chalmers'.) 

This brigade, called the "Mississippi Brigade," formed the 
right of Bragg's line, its right resting on swamps of Lick 
creek in the following order from left to right: Fifty-second 
Tennessee, Fifth Mississippi, Ninth Mississippi, Seventh Mis- 
sissippi, Tenth Mississippi, with Gage's (Alabama) battery 
in the rear. It advanced at six thirty A. M., Sunday, and 
soon joined Gladden's right and made a gradual left wheel 
until it struck the left of Prentiss' camp and by a charge of 
the Tenth Mississippi, followed by the Seventh and Ninth 
Mississippi, the Eighteenth Wisconsin was driven from its 
camp at nine A. M., the three regiments pursuing across the 
ravine and to the hill beyond, where they came under fire 
from Hurlbut's division in the Peach Orchard and were or- 
dered by General Johnston back to the captured camp. From 
the Eighteenth Wisconsin camp the brigade was conducted 
"by right flank file right" across the ravine and to the Bark 
road and along that road until its right rested on Lick creek, 
where it re-formed its battle line facing north and advanced 
across Locust Grove Branch against Stuart's camps. When 
this advance began Union skirmishers fired into the Fifty- 
second Tennessee, stampeding the regiment so that only 
two companies could be rallied. These companies were at- 
tached to the Fifth Mississippi. As the infantry advanced 
Gage's battery, stationed on high ground south of the ravine, 
shelled Stuart's camp, compelling him to move to his left 
rear, forming his left behind an orchard. Chalmers moved 
upon this position and drove Stuart back three hundred yards 
to a ridge, where he maintained himself until about two P. 
M., when he retired, closely followed by Chalmers, who was 
supported on his right by Clanton's cavalry, moving down the 
banks of the Tennessee. Swinging to the left against the 
exposed Union left, Chalmer's left reached the Hamburg and 
Savannah road near the camp of the Twenty-eighth Illinois, 
where he assisted in the capture of the troops of Prentiss 
and Wallace that had faced to the rear and were attempting 
to make their way to the river. The Fourteenth Iowa, a 
captain and four men of the Twenty-eighth Illinois, and col- 



328 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

onel of the Eighteenth Missouri surrendered to the Ninth 
Mississippi. The brigade then moved directly east of the 
ridge south of Dill Branch until its right was near the river; 
it then advanced into the valley of Dill Branch. Skirmish- 
ers of the Ninth Mississippi crossed the ravine and ascended 
to the brow of the bluff, where they came under fire of the 
artillery. "The brigade struggled in vain to ascend the hill, 
which was very steep, making charge after charge without 
success, but continued to fight until night closed hostilities 
on both sides."* Gage's battery was put in position in rear 
of the brigade, but was soon disabled and was compelled to 
retire, leaving one gun in the ravine in front of its position. 
It was not again engaged. The brigade retired to Stuart's 
camps, where it bivouacked Sunday night. On Monday it 
was joined by several detached regiments and was engaged 
on the Confederate right south of Peach Orchard until two 
P. M., when it received orders to retire. There are no re- 
ports on file from regiments or battery. 

Third Brigade. 

(Jackson's.) 

This brigade formed on the right of the Bark road in the 
second line, three hundred yards in the rear of Gladden's 
brigade, in the following order from left to right: Seven- 
teenth Alabama, Eighteenth Alabama, Nineteenth Alabama, 
Second Texas, Girardey's battery in rear of infantry. It ad- 
vanced at six thirty A. M., Sunday, following Gladden's bri- 
gade, and came up with that brigade at Prentiss' headquar- 
ters, where General Johnston in person ordered the brigade 
to the left in conjunction with movements of Wood and 
Shaver. Before it had proceeded far, the order was changed, 
and Jackson was ordered to follow Chalmers to the right, 
where the brigade formed on the south side of a deep ravine. 
Girardey's battery engaged the enemy in Peach Orchard from 
Prentiss' cam]) and then followed its brigade and took posi- 
tion at Shake-a-rag Church. The brigade advanced directly 
against the camps of the Fifty-fourth Ohio and Fifty-fifth 
Illinois, the right of the brigade joining Chalmers and pass- 

*Chalmer's report. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 329 

ing through the farm houses at the left of the Fifty-fifth Illi- 
nois camp and engaging the Seventy-first Ohio, while the 
left of the brigade engaged McArthur's brigade in the ravine 
east of Peach Orchard. At about one thirty 1*. M., Bowen's 
brigade joined Jackson's left, and together they advanced, 
driving back the Union force and making the left wheel with 
Chalmers. Jackson reached the camp of the Twenty-eighth 
Illinois, in Chalmers' rear, and was present when prisoners 
were captured. The Eighteenth Alabama was detached to 
guard them to the rear. The other three regiments followed 
Chalmers to the right and took position in the valley of Dill 
Branch, where skirmishers went forward to top of bluff, 
where they came in range of artillery and "could not be urged 
farther." Finding an advance impracticable, an order was 
given to withdraw. In the darkness the brigade became sep- 
arated, the Seventeenth Alabama returning to the camp of 
Saturday night, and was out of the fight on Monday. The 
Nineteenth Alabama and Second Texas bivouacked with Chal- 
mers, and on Monday were with the Twenty-first Alabama, 
organized as a temporary brigade, and fought on Chalmers' 
left. In an advance across an open field this force received 
an unexpected fire, which broke its line and disorganized the 
command, the Nineteenth Alabama, under Colonel Wheeler, 
alone remaining on the field until a general retreat was or- 
dered, when it formed a rear guard and remained at Mickey's 
several days. General Jackson, with the battery, bivouacked 
Sunday night at Shiloh Church. The battery was engaged 
with Cleburne on Monday and lost one gun and had its other 
guns disabled so that the cannoneers were detailed to 
another battery. General Jackson, unable to find his bri- 
gade on Monday, was not engaged. He reported at Corinth, 
Miss., at eleven thirty P. M. Monday. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

(Buggies'.) 

This division of three brigades formed the left of the sec- 
ond line of battle, its right, Gibson's brigade, on the Bark 
road; its left, Pond's brigade, extending to near Owl creek; 
its center, Anderson's brigade, on Pittsburg road. 



ooO Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Soon after the forward movement commenced, Sunday 
morning, two regiments from the left were detached to guard 
the left flank of the army, and Gibson's brigade was moved 
to the right to support Shaver's brigade. Anderson's and 
the right of Pond's brigade moved directly forward and be- 
came engaged in front of the first encampments of the enemy, 
where Anderson's and Cleburne's brigades commingled and 
were disorganized, a part of each following the Pittsburg 
road, under Kuggles' command, until they reached Duncan 
field about three P. M., when General Ruggles gave his per- 
sonal attention to massing the artillery in front of the Hor- 
nets' Nest. Here he collected ten batteries and two sections 
and placed them along the road on the west side of Duncan 
field and under their concentrated fire ordered Anderson and 
others to attack. This artillery fire drove away all the artil- 
lery from the Union lines at Hornets* Nest. 

On Monday Ruggles, with portions of his division, fought 
on the Confederate left until the troops were ordered to re- 
tire, when he took command of the second line of the rear 
guard. 

First Brigade. 

(Gibson's.) 

This brigade bivouacked Saturday night, April 5, 1802, on 
the right of Ruggles' division, its right on the Bark road, in 
order of regiments from left to right: Fourth Louisiana Thir- 
teenth Louisiana, First Arkansas, Nineteenth Louisiana. 
(The battery belonging to this brigade — Bain's — was detailed 
to remain at Corinth. Yet it is enumerated in organization 
and referred to* — "we had our artillery at hand" — in such 
Way that it may have been present.) The brigade followed 
Shaver's to the front of the first encampment, where, with 
its right in the woods and its left in the Rhea field, it came 
under the fire of Waterhouse's battery, which was "on an 
eminence to the left and in the rear of the first line of 
camps." Passing through Peabody's camp it camp up with 
Shaver's brigade and fired a few shots from the edge of 
Barnes field at retreating Union troops and received a few 

•10 War Records, 382, 394, 486. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 331 

shells from Munch's battery in reply. The brigade rested 
in Barnes field until noon, when General Bragg found it "in 
rear of its proper place'' and ordered it forward to an attack 
upon Tuttle and Prentiss at Hornets' Nest. The right of the 
brigade, the Nineteenth Louisiana, moved half a mile to the 
right across the Hamburg road and into a little farm (wheat 
field) and attacked the enemy in a dense undergrowth. The 
left of the brigade, the Fourth Louisiana, came into Dun- 
can field. The brigade was repulsed, but under Bragg's 
orders charged again and again, until they had been four 
times beaten back. After the fourth repulse the brigade re- 
tired to Barnes field and was not engaged again on Sunday. 
The Nineteenth Louisiana, becoming separated from its bri- 
gade, bivouacked near Shiloh Church and on Monday joined 
the command of Marshall Smith on the right. The other regi- 
ments were on the left on Monday, next to Pond's brigade, 
where they charged the enemy and captured a part of a bat- 
tery, but were unable to hold it. Pond was ordered to the 
right and Gibson held the extreme left* until ordered to re- 
tire. 

Seco7id Brigade. 

(Anderson's.) 

This brigade occupied the center of Buggies' division in 
the second line Saturday night, April five, its right on the 
Pittsburg road, "in column doubled at half distance on the 
center," but with room to deploy, its order from left to right: 
Twentieth Louisiana, Ninth Texas, First Florida battalion, 
Confederate Guards' Response Battalion, Seventeenth 
Louisiana, Hodgson's Washington artillery in rear. In the 
advance on Sunday the brigade was deployed and followed 
Cleburne's brigade and came up with it at eight thirty A. M., 
at the crossing of Shiloh Branch. It must have occupied the 
same ground charged over by Cleburne, for, the Twentieth 
Louisiana — on the left of Anderson's brigade — connected 
with Pond's right when the Second Tennessee — the left of 
Cleburne's brigade — retired through the Twentieth Louis- 
iana,! and the right of Anderson's brigade — the Seventeenth 

*10 War Records, 473. 

tlO War Records, 471, 496, 497, 507, 5S5. 

22 



332 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Louisiana — joined the Sixth Mississippi — Cleburne's right — 
and the Eleventh Louisiana, of Russell's brigade, in a charge 
into the camp of the Fifty-third Ohio and were repulsed by 
the fire of Waterhouse's battery and its infantry support. 
The Seventeenth Louisiana, of this brigade, made three sep- 
arate charges upon the Fifty-third Ohio camp. In the second 
and third charges the left wing of the regiment passed to the 
left of the Rhea House around the point of the ridge. The 
Confederate Response and Florida battalions attempted — in 
conjunction with the Eleventh Louisiana of Russell's 
brigade — to cross the ridge, but were repulsed. This posi- 
tion was finally carried by the combined attacks of the right 
regiments of the brigades of Cleburne, Anderson and John- 
son, and the left regiments of Russell's brigade. During the 
struggle the Washington artillery, together with artillery of 
the other brigades, occupied the high ground in the rear and 
rendered valuable aid in the attach. The Twentieth Louis- 
iana and Ninth Texas, on the left, were twice repulsed, but 
with re-inforcements carried the position held by Buckland's 
brigade and joined the right regiments in an advance upon 
McClernand's second position at the crossroads, where the 
brigade was partially reorganized and was engaged in front 
of Marsh's brigade camp. About noon it joined Trabue iu 
his engagement with McDowell's brigade. At three P. M., 
this brigade moved directly along the Pittsburg road to Dun- 
can field, where the battery was placed in Ruggle's artillery 
line and the infantry moved to the right, where it joined 
other troops in an attack at the Hornets' Nest, where it was 
repulsed, and the Twentieth Louisiana retired from the field. 
The other regiments returned to the attack and followed the 
retiring Union troops to the place of surrender. The brigade 
then moved forward to a ravine — head of Dill Branch — -where 
it remained fifteen minutes under artillery fire, and then, at 
sunset, retired, General Anderson, with the Ninth Texas and 
First Florida, bivouacked in the apple orchard, near the big 
spring. The other regiments were scattered, but were all 
represented with the brigade on Monday, and were engaged 
north of the Pittsburg road and later in front of Marsh's 
brigade camp. The Washington artillery was engaged on 
Mondav on the right, near the Wheat field, where it lost 



The Battle of Shiloh. 333 

three guns. The guns were recaptured, but it left three 
caissons and battery wagon and forge on the field. 

Third Brigade- 
(Poud's.) 

This brigade formed the left of Bragg's line of battle Sat- 
urday night, its left near Owl creek and extending beyond 
Hardee's left in the following order from left to right: Thirty- 
eighth Tennessee, Crescent Regiment, Eighteenth Louisiana, 
Orleans Guard, Sixteenth Louisiana, with Ketchum's Ala- 
bama battery in rear. At eight A. M., Sunday, the Thirty- 
eighth Tennessee, the Crescent Regiment, and one section of 
the battery were sent one and one-half miles to the left to 
Owl creek road. The other regiments and two sections of 
the battery, connecting with the left of Anderson's brigade, 
advanced to Shiloh Branch, where they became engaged with 
the skirmishers of McDowell's brigade. McDowell was or- 
dered to withdraw and Pond gained the first line of camps 
without a conflict. Changing direction to the right, Pond 
was fired into by the Confederates and retired one hundred 
yards and rested until about noon when he joined the left 
of Trabue's brigade in Crescent field. He then moved for- 
ward to the valley of Tilghman creek, where at four thirty 
P. M., he was ordered by General Hardee to charge the Union 
lines, which were in position in the camps of the Fourteenth 
and Fifteenth Illinois. He formed his regiment en echelon, 
the Eighteenth Louisiana in front on the left, followed by 
the Orleans Guard, and that by the Sixteenth Louisiana, 
and moved directly upon the Union line. He was repulsed 
with heavy loss and retired to high land on the west side of 
the creek, where he bivouacked Sunday night, with his right 
at Oglesby's headquarters, his left at Owl creek. 

The Thirty-eighth Tennessee, the Crescent Regiment, and 
a section of Ketchum's battery, when detached in the morn- 
ing, moved down Owl creek road to the bridge on Purdy road, 
where they remained on guard until two P. M., when they 
were ordered to the center. They moved by the flank to 
crossroads, where Beauregard ordered them to the east along 
Pittsburg road. At Duncan field the section of artillery was 



334 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



placed on left of Ruggles' artillery line and the two regiments 
directed to the left, where they engaged the right flank of 
troops at the Hornets' Nest, Colonel Looney leading his regi- 
ment, the Thirty-eighth Tennessee, into the camp of the 
Third Iowa in time to assist in the capture of the Twelfth 
Iowa, the Crescent Regiment capturing a part of the Prentiss 
troops. The Thirty-eighth Tennessee then joined its bri- 
gade at Oglesby's headquarters. The Crescent Regiment 
bivouacked in a "near-by camp." 

On Monday the brigade, except the Crescent Regiment, was 
engaged upon the extreme left of the army, and opened the 
battle by an artillery duel between its battery and those of 
Lew. Wallace. The brigade was driven back gradually to 
the Purdy road, when it was sent to join Trabue's right. It 
soon returned to the left and then fell back to the church dis- 
organized. Colonel Looney, with his own regiment and parts 
of five other regiments (numbers not known), made the last 
charge of the day, his command forming at the church under 
personal direction of General Beauregard and charging for- 
ward directly over the site of Sherman's headquarters to 
near the Purdy and Hamburg road, then retiring through the 
rear guard stationed south of Shiloh Branch. The Crescent 
Regiment was sent Monday morning to the right, where it 
joined the Nineteenth Louisiana and First Missouri in support 
of the Washington artillery,* and then in conjunction with 
Colonel Wheeler covered the retreat from that part of the 
field and camped at night at Mickey's. Ketchum's battery 
was engaged with the brigade all day and lost two guns.f 

FIRST CORPS. 
(Polk's.) 

This corps of two divisions of two brigades each formed 
Saturday night in column of brigades behind the second line, 
its center on the main Corinth road, the first division in 
front. 

In the advance Sunday morning the head of this corps 
passed Beauregard's headquarters, at the fork of the Bark 
and Pittsburg roads, at seven four A. M. At the Seay field, 

*10 War Records, 524. 
tlO War Records, 543. 



. 






The Battle of Shiloh. 335 

Stewart's brigade was detached to the right; Russell's bri- 
gade was led directly to the front and became engaged under 
the personal direction of division and corps commanders. 

General Clark, commanding the division, led in the charge 
upon the camp of the Fifty-third Ohio, and soon after pass- 
ing that camp was wounded and left the field. General 
Stewart succeeded to the command, but did not bring the di- 
vision under his immediate orders. 

General Cheatham, commanding second division, sent his 
first brigade directly to the front, where it was engaged 
under Polk's orders. He then took personal direction of 
Stephens' brigade, conducting it first to the left, and then at 
ten thirty A. M., to the right center, where he w T as engaged 
at Hornets' Nest until about noon when he moved to the 
right and joined General Breckinridge and was engaged at 
Peach Orchard, and on Monday near the extreme left of the 
line. 

CAVALRY. 

The First Mississippi cavalry operated as a reserve to 
Cheatham's division. At about five thirty P. M., on Sunday, 
just after the surrender of Prentiss, it charged upon and 
captured Ross' battery as it was making its way to the river. 
It afterwards crossed the head of Dill Branch and started 
with thirty or forty men to charge another battery, but find- 
ing itself in presence of the infantry, retired and proceeded 
to the bank of the Tennessee river at Brown's Ferry. 

Brewer's Cavalry. 

Two companies were sent Sunday morning in the direction 
of Adamsville to watch the movements of Lew. Wallace; 
other companies engaged in the rear of Russell's brigade 
until afternoon, when they were sent to the extreme left and 
were engaged against the Fourteenth Missouri and in Whar- 
ton's charge. They bivouacked Sunday night in the valley 
of Tilghman creek near Owl creek. 

General Polk in person followed the line of the Pittsburg 
road. He assumed personal direction of the battle in front 
of Rhea House, directing the two brigades of his own corps 
and one each of nardee's and Bragg's corps, and when the 






336 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

line was finally carried lie pushed his commands forward 
without waiting to reorganize them. He says his three bri- 
gades — Stewart's, Russel's and Johnson's — with occasionally 
a regiment from some other corps, fought over the same 
ground three times. He was present at the surrender of 
Prentiss and directed some of the troops toward the land- 
ing, and when ordered to withdraw retired to his bivouac 
of Saturday night. On Monday he commanded the left cen- 
ter again and fought over the same ground as on Sunday. 
This corps and its divisions were entirely disintegrated be- 
fore reaching the first camps of the enemy and did not again 
serve in tbe battle as divisions or corps. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

First Brigade. 

(Russell's.) 

This brigade bivouacked Saturday night across the Pitts- 
burg road behind Stewart's brigade, in order from left to 
right, as follows: Eleventh Louisiana, Twenty-second Ten- 
nesse, Thirteenth Tennessee, Twelfth Tennessee, with Bank- 
head's (Tennessee) battery in the rear. In the advance on 
Sunday it followed the Pittsburg road to near Shiloh Branch, 
when it became engaged on the right of the road, its left the 
Eleventh Louisiana, joining the Seventeenth Louisiana of 
Anderson's brigade* and the Sixth Mississippi of Cleburne's 
brigade in the attack upon the Fifty-third Ohio camp and 
the Union forces behind that camp. In this attack the 
Eleventh Louisiana was disorganized, a part of it afterwards 
joining Stewart's brigadef and a part continued under Rus- 
sell for a time. The Colonel and sixty men were engaged 
on the right on Monday. 

The Twelfth Tennessee passed to the right of the Fifty- 
third Ohio camp into the Fourth Illinois cavalry camp, where 
it joined Stewart's brigade, and supported the Fourth 
Tennessee in a charge upon McAllister's battery, and after- 
wards supported Bankhead's battery on the ground first oc- 
cupied by McAllister. The Thirteenth Tennessee also passed 

*10 War Records, 506, 511. 
tlO War Records, 428. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 337 

to the right of the Fifty-third Ohio camp, then left wheeled 
and charged Waterhouse's battery in the think, capturing 
two guns. It then moved directly past Shiloh Church, and 
from there along Pittsburg road to Duncan field, where it 
supported Stanford's battery in Buggies' artillery line. The 
Twenty-second Tennessee, remaining under Russell's com- 
mand, moved through the camp and over the YYaterhouse 
battery position to near the crossroads, where the Fifth 
Tennessee, Lieutenant Colonel Venable, attached itself to 
Russell's command. Russell then joined Trabue's left in 
front of Marsh's brigade camp. He then, with the Twenty- 
second Tennessee, moved into the valley of Tilghman creek 
and up that creek to the place where Prentiss surrendered. 
Russell says that Prentiss surrendered to men of the Twenty- 
second Tennessee. The Twelfth and Thirteenth joined Rus- 
sell here, but no part of the brigade advanced beyond the 
place of surrender. The three regiments retired to Marsh's 
brigade camp and bivouacked Sunday night. On Monday the 
remnant of the three regiments, a "very small force," was 
engaged on the left, next to Pond, for a time, and then fell 
back to Shiloh Church, where they came under the immediate 
command of General Beauregard, who bore the colors to the 
front, but was soon obliged to retire. 

Bankhead's battery was engaged at the place occupied by 
McAllister's battery, and in Ruggles' line on Sunday, and on 
the right Monday. 

Second Brigade. 

(Stewart's.) 

This brigade formed the advance of its corps and bivou- 
acked across the main Pittsburg road in the following 
order from left to right: Fifth Tennessee, Thirty-third Ten- 
nessee, Thirteenth Arkansas, Fourth Tennessee, with Stan- 
ford's battery in the rear. It moved forward at seven A. 
M., Sunday morning, one-half mile and deposited knapsacks, 
then passed the cotton press and its left regiment — the Fifth 
Tennessee — came into Fraley field, where it received a shot 
from a Union battery that killed one man and cut the flag- 
staff. From "two cabins" General Johnston directed the bri- 



338 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

gade to the right, and conducted it toward the camp of the 
Eighteenth Wisconsin, where General Johnston went and 
met General Hardee.* General Stewart moved his brigade 
by the right flank due east, from noth side of Seay field, until 
his right reached the Eastern Corinth road, his command in 
"open woods" in front of the enemy's (Peabody's) camp, 
"from which he had been driven." Here losing sight of Gen- 
eral Johnston, he moved his brigade by left flank in line of 
battle through the camp and beyond it.f Thence, co-operat- 
ing with the left movement of Wood and Shaver, he moved 
"by the left flank," along the rear of Peabody's brigade camp, 
and behind Gibson's brigade, until the Thirteenth Arkansas 
was in the Fourth Illinois Cavalry camp, then by right flank 
in line of battle, and halted for orders. Here occurred the 
"fire in the rear," occasioned by the Fourth Louisiana, on 
Gibson's left, firing to their left rear upon an officer "sup- 
posed to be a Federal." This left rear fire took effect in the 
ranks of the Thirteenth Arkansas. This regiment, mistak- 
ing the fire of the Fourth Louisiana for that of the 
enemy, returned the fire, and were joined by the Thirty-third 
Tennessee firing into the Twelfth Tennessee just then pass- 
ing their front, and into the Eighth and Ninth Arkansas just 
being transferred to Wood's left. 

From the Fourth Illinois cavalry camp Stewart led his 
three left regiments north across a small stream and laid 
them down while he returned for the Fourth Tennessee, 
which he brought forward to the same place, but found that 
his three regiments had moved forward. Here Stewart re- 
ceived orders to charge McAllister's battery at the north- 
west corner of Review field. He placed Stanford's battery 
in the Fourth Illinois cavalry camp, and with the Fourth and 
Twelfth Tennessee behind it as a reserve, passed to the right 
behind Wood's brigade and joining Shaver's left charged the 
battery and captured one gun at eleven A. M., the Fourth and 
Twelfth Tennessee holding the ground where the battery had 
been stationed. Here General Hindman proposed to Stew- 
art to join forces and attack the enemy on Shaver's right in 
Hornets' Nest. W T hile arranging for this movement General 

*10 War Records, 404, 407. 
|10 War Records, 43a. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 339 

Hindman was disabled and General Stewart took command 
of Hindinan's force. Placing the Fourth Tennessee on the 
left of Shaver's brigade, he moved through the woods to 
Duncan held and engaged the Union force that occupied the 
east side of that field until Shaver reported his troops out 
of ammunition, when Stewart withdrew the Fourth Tennes- 
see to a position where it captured the gun and joined the 
Twelfth Tennessee, at about noon, in support of Bankhead's 
battery, which was being closely pressed by Union troops. 
The Fourth Tennessee then retired for ammunition. 

In the meantime the Fifth and Thirty-third Tennessee and 
the Thirteenth Arkansas were by General Hardee's order 
moved forward from the ravine where Stewart left them and 
became engaged under Preston Smith's command near the 
crossroads. Later the Fifth Tennessee was attached to Rus- 
sell's command farther to the left and then moved to the at- 
tack upon the right flank of the Hornets' Nest positioD. It 
then retired to a camp for the night. The Thirty-third Ten- 
nessee joined General Stewart again to the right of Buggies' 
batteries and moved by the left flank along the road to the 
Forty-first Illinois camp, where it remained until night and 
then retired to a camp near the crossroads. The Thirteenth 
Arkansas, after its engagement at the crossroads, was in 
support of Smith's battery to the right, where Lieutenant 
Colonel Grayson was mortally wounded. It then retired to 
Beauregard's headquarters, and then to camp for the night 
near "Stewart's General Hospital." 

The Fourth Tennessee, after its separation from General 
Stewart, joined Preston Smith's command in Marsh's brigade 
camp and was engaged from about one to two P. M. It 
bivouacked Sunday night near where it captured the gun. 

General Stewart, after his own brigade had passed from 
his command, organized a command, consisting of Walker's 
Second Tennessee, part of the Eleventh Louisiana, and 
another regiment of Cleburne's command, and made a second 
attack at Duncan House. Falling back, he was joined by the 
Thirty-third Tennessee and moved along Pittsburg road and 
into the Hornets' Nest at the time of surrender. On Mon- 
day he had Bates' Second Tennessee and Thirteenth Arkan- 
sas under his command on the Confederate right. Colonel 



340 Seventy-seven Hi Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Strahl says the Fourth Tennessee was engaged on Monday 
"near the left of the line." He also says he was "on the left 
of the Washington artillery." Washington artillery was on 
the right Monday. The Fifth Tennessee was with Chalmers 
on the extreme right; Thirty-third Tennessee on the left with 
General Cheatham. Stanford's battery, after its first en- 
gagement Sunday in the camp of the Fourth Illinois cavalry, 
became engaged on the right of Ruggles' artillery line and 
on Monday near the same place. It lost four guns. 

SECOND DIVISION. 
(Cheatham's.) 
This division of two brigades bivouacked Saturday night 
in the rear of the First division, on the Pittsburg Landing 
road. Soon after the advance was begun on Sunday the Sec- 
ond brigade was detached, under the command of General 
Cheatham, who directed its movements all day on Sunday. 
His personal movements are the same as the Second brigade. 
Sunday night General Cheatham retired to his Saturday 
night bivouac. On Monday morning he was engaged for 
some time in arresting a stampede which came from the 
front. He then led the Sixth Tennessee, six companies of 
the Ninth Tennessee, the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Ten- 
nessee, part of the Fifteenth Tennessee, and one hundred men 
of Walker's Second Tennessee to an open field near Shiloh 
Church, where he received orders to report to General Breck- 
inridge. He moved half a mile to the right, then was ordered 
back and to the left. In this movement the One Hundred 
and Fifty-fourth Tennessee and Walker's Tennessee became 
detached and remained at the right. With parts of the One 
Hundred and Fifty-fourth, Ninth and Fifteenth he 
moved northwest, passing near Shiloh Church; then to left 
of the Confederate line, where he was joined by Gibson's bri- 
gade and by the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-third Tennessee, 
and was engaged four hours. At two thirty P. M., he was 
ordered to withdraw from the field. 

First Brigade. 

(B. R. Johnson's.) 

This brigade moved forward Sunday morning along Titts- 
burg road with its division until eight thirty A. M., when it. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 341 

in crossing- Fraley lield, came under lire of the artillery. 
Here General Cheatham was detached with the Second bri- 
gade, and General B. R. Johnson led his brigade, first ob- 
liquely to the left, then by right flank until the centre — left 
of Blythe's Mississippi — rested on the Pittsburg road, its 
regiments in order from left to right: Walker's (Second Ten- 
nessee, Fifteenth Tennessee, Blythe's Mississippi, One Hun- 
dred and Fifty-fourth Tennessee, with Polk's Tennesee battery 
in the rear. 

At the crossing of Shiloh Branch Johnson came up with 
the brigades of Cleburne, Anderson and Russell, which had 
commingled and were making ineffectual attempts to force 
the Union lines. General Polk at once assumed direction, 
and without waiting to reorganize the shattered brigades, 
ordered the whole force forward without regard to corps, 
division, brigade, or even regimental organization. Blythe's 
Mississippi, with the Seventeenth Louisiana, moved around 
the point of the hill north of Rhea House and attacked 
Water-house's battery on its right flank. In this action Col- 
onel Blythe was killed, his regiment halting in a ravine be- 
tween the battery and Shiloh Church. The One Hundred and 
Fifty-fourth Tennessee, with other troops, charged' directly 
through the camp of the Fifty-third Ohio, and attacked 
^Vaterllouse ? s battery in front just as the Thirteenth Tennes- 
see reached its left flank. Both regiments claim the two 
guns captured here. Polk awards them to the Thirteenth 
Tennessee. The One Hundred and Fifty-fourth pressed for- 
ward up the ridge toward Woolf field, capturing another gun 
of Waterhouse's battery and one gun of Schwartz's battery, 
near the crossroads. Here the One Hundred and Fifty- 
fourth was joined by the three left regiments of Stewart's 
brigades and took position in Woolf field, where they were 
engaged for a time, and were then driven back. 

General Johnson, who was engaged with his left regiments 
in the attack upon Barrett's battery and Buckland's brigade, 
after several repulses finally succeeded, in conjunction with 
other commands, in carrying the position, but was wounded 
in the final assault near the church a I eleven A. M., he says, 
and the command passed to Colonel Preston Smith, of the 
One Hundred and fiftv-fourth Tennessee. During this con- 



342 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

flict Polk's battery was stationed near the Rhea House, 
where Captain Polk was severely wounded and his battery 
disabled, so that only one gun went forward to the cross- 
roads, where it was captured. At the crossroads Colonel 
Smith learned of General Johnson's disability and took com- 
mand of the brigade, which was now greatly reduced, the 
Fifteenth Tennessee having only one hundred and fifty men, 
Blythe's Mississippi only two hundred. Smith formed his 
brigade ''just beyond the crossroads, on the right of the broad 
avenue leading by the second encampment" (Marsh's). He 
had scarcely formed his line when the enemy advanced upon 
him through the woods from the north and made a fierce 
attack, which was kept up more than an hour, during which 
time Smith brought up the Fourth and Thirty-third Tennes- 
see to re-inforce his line. He finally succeeded, at about two 
P. M., in driving back the enemy. He then moved along Pitts- 
burg road to Duncan field, where the One Hundred and Fifty- 
fourth Tennessee supported Swett's battery in Euggles' line 
and the Second Tennessee (Walker's) supported the Thirty- 
eighth Tennessee. The Fifteenth Tennessee and Blythe's 
Mississippi were sent for ammunition and did not return. 
None of this brigade advanced beyond the place of Prentiss' 
surrender. A part of the Second Tennessee bivouacked at 
the crossroads. Blythe's regiment near Shiloh Church, the 
other regiments with Smith returned to Saturday night 
bivouac. On Monday the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Ten- 
nessee, a portion of Blythe's Mississippi, and one company of 
Walker's Second Tennessee, under Colonel Smith, joined 
Chalmers on the Confederate right and retired with him in 
the afternoon. The Fifteenth Tennessee was engaged under 
Colonel Maney on the Confederate right. 

Second Brigade. 

(Stephens'.) 

This brigade formed the rear of Polk's corps and bivouacked 
Saturday night across the Pittsburg road in the following 
order from left to right: Seventh Kentucky, Ninth Tennes- 
see, Sixth Tennessee, First Tennessee (battalion) with Smith's 
(Mississippi) battery in the rear. Before the forward move- 



The Baltic of Shiloh. 343 

ment began on Sunday, Coloney Maney, with the First Ten- 
nessee (battalion) and the Nineteenth Tennessee from the 
Reserve corps, was ordered to the right to guard a ford of 
Lick creek. He did not return until two thirty P. M., when 
he rejoined his brigade at the Peach Orchard and assumed 
command of the same. In his absence Colonel Stephens com- 
manded the brigade, which was accompanied by General 
Cheatham in person. 

This brigade moved forward on the Pittsburg Landing road 
one mile when, at about eight thirty A. M., it was deployed 
to the left as a support to Bragg's line. After half an hour 
it was ordered to the right, and at ten A. M., reached a posi- 
tion in front of the Hornets' Nest where it formed with the 
right — Sixth Tennessee — in a little field (Wheat Field see 
Walker's statement) and its left extended to Duncan field.* 
Smith's battery was placed in position and engaged the enemy 
about an hour when the brigade made two assaults, its right 
in a thick underbrush, its left in an open field. It was re- 
pulsed, and its commander, Colonel Stephens, disabled. 
Falling back to the Hamburg road the brigade moved to the 
right at noon, and joined General Breckinridge's force south 
of the Peach Orchard. f Here Colonel Maney joined and as- 
sumed command of the brigade. At two thirty P. M., he 
led the First, Ninth and Nineteenth Tennessee in a charge 
across the Peach Orchard, in which he broke the Union line 
at the northeast corner of said field. The Sixth Tennessee 
and Seventh Kentucky were brought up by General Cheat- 
ham, and the brigade took position in a small ravine east of 
the Hamburg road and awaited a supply of ammunition. It 
was not further engaged on Sunday, the Nineteenth Tennes- 
see returning to its own brigade, Statham's. 

The First Tennessee and four companies of the Ninth Ten- 
nessee, under command of Colonel Maney, bivouacked Sunday 
night on the field, and on Monday were joined by the Fif- 
teenth Tennessee and were engaged on the right of the Con- 
federate line under General Withers. The Sixth Tennessee 
and six companies of the Ninth Tennessee retired Sunday 
night with General Cheatham to Saturday night's bivouac, 

*10 War Records, 438. 

flO War Records, 438, 537. 



344 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

and on Monday were engaged with him on the Confederate 
left until two thirty P. M., when they were ordered to retire. 

There is no record where the Seventh Kentucky camped 
Sunday night. On Monday it served under Breckinridge, 
near where some buildings were burned. 

Smith's battery was first engaged for one hour in front of 
Hornets' Nest on Sunday. Two of its guns were engaged 
with General Cheatham on Monday. 

The First Tennessee, under Colonel Maney, retired from 
the field at four P. M., on Monday and marched to Monterey 
and occupied the camp that it had been in before the battle. 
Colonel Maney claims that his battalion reached its camp 
"with but one single absentee not properly accounted for, 
and this one reached camp early next day." 

RESERVE CORPS. 

(Breckinridge's.) 

This corps of three brigades bivouacked Saturday night 
along the Bark road, between Mickey's and the Pittsburg 
Landing road, in regular order of brigades, the First in ad- 
vance and the Third in the rear. 

At the intersection of the Bark and Pittsburg Landing 
roads the First brigade was detached on Sunday morning and 
sent by main road directly to Shiloh Church. The Second 
and Third brigades were led by General Breckinridge along 
the Bark and Eastern Corinth roads, and were put in position 
about noon by General Johnston in person, south of the 
Peach Orchard, where tliey were first engaged about one 
P. M. 

General Breckinridge served personally all day with his 
Second and Third brigades, uniting them to his First brigade 
at the time and place of Prentiss' surrender, and then con- 
ducted the entire command to the east along the ridge south 
of Dill Branch to near the river, where it was under fire from 
gunboats and batteries. At dark Breckinridge withdrew 
to encampments of the enemy. 

On Monday he was engaged with his three brigades nearly 
intact on south side of Corinth road behind Duncan field, his 



The Battle of Shiloh. 345 

right joining - Hardee about the Peach Orchard. When t In- 
arm v retired Breckinridge formed the rear guard. 

Morgan's squadron of Kentucky cavalry and Phil. Thomp- 
son's company (Kentucky cavalry) were attached to this 
corps, but do not appear to have been engaged. 

First Brigade. 

(Trabue's.) 

This brigade formed the advance of the reserve corps and 
reached the forks of the Bark and Pittsburg roads about 
eight A. M., Sunday morning, April 6, 18G2. It was sent for- 
ward on Pittsburg road to 'support General Polk's line and 
soon after deployed to the left of the road in the following 
order from left to right: Fourth Kentucky, Sixth Kentucky, 
Thirty-first Alabama, Fifth Kentucky, Fourth Alabama, 
Crew's Tennessee battalion, Third Kentucky, with Cobb's 
(Kentucky) battery and Bryne's (Mississippi) battery in the 
rear. 

It passed Shiloh Church in line of battle about eleven 
thirty A. M. — the Fifth Kentucky opening to right and left 
to pass the Church (Lofland's statement). It advanced due 
north from the Church to the "verge of a large crescent- 
shaped field." Here the Third Kentucky, Fourth Alabama 
and Crew's battalion and Bryne's battery were detached by 
General Beauregard and ordered to support General Ander- 
son on the right. The Third and Fourth Kentucky remained 
detached all day; there is no record of place where they were 
engaged. Cobb's battery was put in position in front of the 
Fifth Kentucky in the avenue in front of Marsh's brigade 
camp. Colonel Trabue sheltered his command in a slight 
ravine, on the verge of the field, and rode forward to make 
observations. He discovered two camps to his left and front 
(Hare's and Marsh's), the enemy still occupying the camps. 
He moved his command by the left flank into this field and 
confronted the enemy. Here he was joined on the left by 
parts of Kussell's and Cleburne's brigades — Twenty-second 
Tennessee, part of Eleventh Louisiana, Fifth Tennesse (Ven- 
able), and Fifth Tennessee (Mill)— and on his right by part 
of Anderson's brigade. The Union troops mentioned by 



346 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Trabne in his front were the Forty-sixth Ohio, Sixth Iowa, 
and Thirteenth Missouri. After an engagement of one hour 
and a quarter, commencing about noon, Trabne ordered a 
charge and drove the enemy through their camp (Marsh's) 
and into the woods in the rear, where he encountered and dis- 
persed a Missouri regiment and soon after reached the field 
where Prentiss surrendered, where his left joined the troops 
from the right, and Crew's battalion was detached with pris- 
oners. In the meantime Cobb's battery, occupying its first 
position in Marsh's camp, had been taken and retaken. It 
had lost all of its horses and was abandoned. Four of its 
guns were removed with mules Sunday night, but the battery 
was not again in action. Bryne's battery was engaged in 
Ruggles' artillery line. 

After the surrender of Prentiss, Trabne, with the Fourth, 
Fifth and Sixth Kentucky and Thirty-first Alabama joined 
Breckinridge and moved down the ridge south of Dill Branch 
and occupied a position on the crest of the hill, at mounds, 
overlooking the Tennessee river, where he came under fire 
from gunboats, which he endured until nearly dark, when he 
withdrew to the crossroads, where he was joined by the 
Third Kentucky, Fourth Alabama and Bryne's battery, and 
then retired to the camps of the Sixth Iowa and Forty- 
sixth Ohio, where he passed Sunday night. Trabue 
says he rode until eleven o'clock, trying to find a gen- 
eral officer to whom he could report for orders, and then 
sent an aid with escort, who rode all night without success. 

On Monday morning the brigade formed on the Purdy road, 
Bryne's battery at Owl Creek Bridge. In a short time the 
brigade was moved by the flank to a point three-fourths of 
a mile east of Shiloh Church, and formed in line on the left 
and perpendicular to the road, Byrne's battery on the road 
at edge of a field (Duncan's), with Anderson* on the left and 
Bowen's brigade on the right. This position was held four 
hours and then the brigade, except the Fourth Kentucky and 
Fourth Alabama, moved to the right of the Duncan House 
and was then engaged for one hour more, when it fell back 
to the right of Shiloh Church. The Fourth Kentucky and 
Fourth Alabama were engaged in severe conflict north of 

•10 War Records, 618. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 347 

Duncan field, where they lost very heavily. Major Monroe, 
Fourth Kentucky, was killed here. At Shiloh Church the 
contest was continued two hours, when the brigade fell back 
to the forks of Bark and Pittsburg roads, where it remained 
as. a rear guard Monday night, and on Tuesday retired to 
Mickey's, where it remained three days. 

Second Brigade. 
tBowen's.) 

From its bivouac Saturday night on the road toward 
Mickey's this brigade marched by the Bark and Eastern Cor- 
inth roads Sunday morning to a position between the Peach 
Orchard and Locust Grove Creek, where it formed in battle 
line at twelve o'clock under the personal direction of Gen- 
eral Johnston in the following order from left to right: Ninth 
Arkansas, Tenth Arkansas, Second Confederate, First Mis- 
souri, with Hudson's (Mississippi) and Watson's (Louisiana) 
batteries in the rear, its left eight hundred yards to rear and 
en e*chelon to Jackson's brigade. From this position it 
moved forward at twelve thirtyf P. M., and became en- 
gaged, in conjunction with Jackson, in an attack upon Mc- 
Arthur's brigade just east of the Peach Orchard. The at- 
tack was successful; the Union line was driven back and pur- 
sued to the northeast corner of the Peach Orchard. General 
Johnston, following close to the rear of this brigade, was 
killed at two thirty P. M. 

Bowen was next engaged at Wicker field with troops at 
the camp of the Twenty-eighth Illinois for two hours, when 
he was wounded and his brigade fell back to Seventy-first 
Ohio camp, where Colonel Martin took command and moved 
forward in time to join Breckinridge in his movement toward 
the river after the surrender of Prentiss. Martin says he 
halted within three hundred or four hundred yards of the 
river when the batteries near Pittsburg and the gunboats 
opened on him, and being nearly night he fell back "to the 
first encampment the farthest from the river" and stayed 
all night. On Monday he was engaged under Breckinridge 

flO "War Records, 404. 

23 



348 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

and fell back with him to the Bark road, where he bivouacked 
Monday as rear guard. 

No mention in the reports of either Hudson's or Watson's 
batteries. 

Third Brigade. 

(fetatham's.) 

This brigade formed the rear of the army and consisted of 
the Fifteenth and Twenty-second Mississippi, the Nineteenth 
Twentieth, Twenty-eighth and Forty-fifth Tennessee, and Rut- 
ledge's Tennessee battery. 

It followed Bo wen's brigade, and at noon was put in line 
south of Peach Orchard en Echelon to and eight hundred 
yards in rear of Bowen. It moved forward into the Orchard, 
and at about two twenty P. M., was put in position by Gov- 
ernor Harris and ordered to attack the Union forces at 
Bloody Pond. It moved to this attack in conjunction with 
Colonel Maney. After the surrender it joined Breckinridge 
in his movement east on the ridge. It is not known where 
it bivouacked Sunday night. On Monday it was doubtless 
engaged with Breckinridge, but there are no reports of bri- 
gades or regiments. 

Rutledge's battery was first in action on a hill in the rear 
of the brigade, then reported to General Buggies and formed 
a part of his artillery line. On Monday it was near Shiloh 
Church. The Nineteenth Tennessee went with Colonel 
Maney Sunday to Lick creek and was with him in the charge 
at Peach Orchard at two thirty P. M., and at the time of the 
surrender of Prentiss was with Colonel Looney, Thirty-eighth 
Tennessee, at the camp of the Third Iowa. 

The Twentieth Tennessee must have been engaged Monday 
with Breckinridge — its colonel, Battle, was captured in the 
vicinity of Lost field by the Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania. 

UNATTACHED CAVALRY. 

Forrest's (Tennessee) regiment was guarding the fords of 
Lick creek until about two thirty P. M., Sunday, when it ar- 
rived on the field and supported the left of the Twenty-sixth 
Alabama in the thick wood west of Peach Orchard. 



Shi loli Misunderstood. 349 

Clanton's (Alabama) regiment moved down the Bark road 
to Lick creek, and then down the banks of the Tennessee 
river, guarding the right flank of the army all day Sunday. 

Wharton's Texas Rangers was on the left and at about 
four thirty P. M., Sunday, made a charge at Cavalry field; 
was repulsed and Wharton wounded. It encamped on the 
left of the army and supported Ketchum's battery Monday, 
and in the afternoon charged the Union right and was re- 
pulsed. 

Adam's (Mississippi) cavalry was at ford of Lick creek 
until two thirty P. M., Sunday, then in reserve. 

"Louisiana Cavalry'' is mentioned; not certain whether or 
not it was Scott's First Louisiana. 



SHILOH MISUNDERSTOOD. 



"The battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, has been perhaps less 
understood, or, to state the case more accurately, more persistently mis- 
understood, than any other engagement between National and Confederate 
troops during the entire rebellion. Correct reports of the battle have been 
published, notably by Sherman, Badeau, and, in a speech before a meeting 
of veterans, by General Prentiss; but all of these appeared long subsequent 
to the close of the rebellion and after public opinion had been most 
erroneously formed. 

"I myself made no report to General Halleck, further than was contained 
in a letter, written immediately after the battle, informing him that an 
engagement had been fought and announcing the result."* 

This misunderstanding is not confined to either side. It is 
as common among Confederate as among Union soldiers, and 
exists equally among the people of the North and of the 
South, and is to be accounted for by the false and inaccurate 
reports of the battle which were first given to the public. 

The earliest account of the battle to reach the people of 
the North was written by a correspondent of the Cincinnati 
Gazette, who was not upon the field on Sunday, and must 



♦Grant's Memoirs, Vol. 1, pp. 369-370. 



350 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

have obtained whatever information he had on the subject, 
from the stragglers far in the rear of the army. 

He had, however, followed the maxim of many newspaper 
correspondents, then as well as now, "Anything to be first," 
and seizing upon the wild rumors always floating rearward 
from the line of battle, he embellished with drafts from his 
over wrought imagination in order to make it sufficiently sen- 
sational, and sent it to his paper as "A truthful account by an 
eye witness," with underscored head lines, which under the 
present forms should have been printed in red. 

This account being the first to reach the public was eagerly 
read and accepted as true, and has been incorporated by some 
of the would-be historians, into their books and papers with- 
out an inquiry as to the truth or falsity of the report. As a 
result we still read articles which reproduce the startling 
headlines of that newspaper, announcing "The great surprise 
at Shiloh." "The camp of a whole division captured at day- 
light while the men were asleep in their tents." "Officers bay- 
oneted in their beds," etc. 

These articles quite frequently assume, or assert, that these 
statements are true, and proceed to moralize on the battle of 
Shiloh from that standpoint. 

Whatever excuse the first correspondent may have had for 
his sensational report, there has been no possible reason for 
any one to continue to quote his misstatements since the offi- 
cial reports of the battle have been published, and are accessi- 
ble to any one caring to know the truth. 

These official reports from both Union and Confederate offi- 
cers, agree that the first shots of the battle of Shiloh were 
fired at four fifty-five A. M., Sunday morning, in an engage- 
ment between pickets of Hardee's corps and a reconnoitering 
party sent out by General Prentiss, and they also show that 
this picket firing was at a point more than a mile in advance 
of the Union camps; that, from that point the advance of the 
Confederates was stubbornly resisted for fully four hours be- 
fore a camp was captured; and that over one thousand Union 
soldiers and at least an equal number of Confederates were 
killed or wounded far in front of the Union camps. 

While this fierce conflict was in progress all the troops upon 
the field had gotten into line, and it is absurd to state that 



Shiloh Misunderstood. 351 

any soldier remained asleep in liis tent, or was unprepared for 
battle until nine o'clock in the morning, while heavy batteries 
of artillery and twenty thousand infantry were engaged for 
four hours in a fierce conflict in front of his camp. 

On the Confederate side, also, disagreements existed, their 
first newspaper reports were as unreliable and their official 
reports show like evidence of misunderstanding. General 
Johnston was killed on the field. His version of the plan of 
battle and his purposes could only be given by the members 
of his staff, who at once claimed that the battle would have 
been won if it had been pushed upon the plan which General 
Johnston had announced, and which was well inaugurated 
when he was killed. 

Subordinates take sides for and against their chiefs with 
such earnestness that some of the reports take the form of 
personal controversies which tend to a confused rather than 
to a perfect understanding of the battle. 

The difference of opinions and misunderstandings have been 
freely discussed on the platform and in the public press until 
it may seem that the subject is without further interest. 
Upon careful investigation, however, it appears that much 
that has been said and written upon the subject has been from 
a purely personal standpoint in order to defend a favorite 
commander, or to show the part taken by some particular 
command. It also appears that there has been little or no 
effort made to show the movements of both armies, and with- 
out discussing the "ifs" or "might have beens" to present the 
record as we find it, and to leave the student of history to 
draw his own conclusions and make his own speculations upon 
any hypothesis that may suggest itself in his fertile brain. 

In order to fairly present these official reports and to show 
their connection, months have been spent in their careful 
study and comparison, in connection with the accurate topo- 
graphical maps prepared by the Shiloh National Military Park 
Commission, as well as in actual tests and measurements upon 
the field, where each movement has been fallowed and verified 
until all have been made to harmonize. In the foregoing 
pages the reader is given the impartial result of all this labor. 

These investigations demonstrate the fact that many criti- 



352 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

cisins upon the battle of Shilob would never have been made 
bad tbe critic first visited tbe field and noted its topography. 

It is also found that apparent conflicts in the reports are 
often explained when they are examined on the ground. In 
many cases officers occupying adjacent positions upon the 
same line, at the same time, have each claimed they were 
alone, unsupported upon the right or left. Survivors of the 
battle have objected to the continuous lines of battle shown 
on the maps at certain points, where they thought their com- 
mands were fighting alone. These differences can usually be 
explained by the presence of some natural obstruction on the 
field which would prevent persons at one position seeing those 
who occupied the other. 

Upon one point at least there seems to be no controversy. 
Up to that time, Shilob was the most important battle of the 
war. No such numbers of men had met upon any other field. 
No such important results had been pending. Its losses, on 
both sides, compared with the numbers engaged, show it to 
have been one of the most if not the most sanguinary battles 
of the war. 

The best blood of the North and of the South was freely 
shed, as testified to by over twenty thousand killed and 
wounded on that fiercely contested field, yet the results were 
so evenly balanced that at the time, victory was claimed by 
both sides. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE UNION ARMY AT THE BATTLE OF SHILOH, TENN- 
ESSEE, APRIL 6-7, 1862. 



ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant, Commanding. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Abraham m. Hare,* 11th Iowa. 
Col. Marcellus M. Crocker, 13th Iowa. 

8th Illinois: 

Capt. James M. Ashmore.* 
Capt. William H. Harvey.t 
Capt. Robert H. Sturgess. 

18th Illinois: 

Maj. Samuel Eaton.* 

Capt. Daniel H. Brush.* 

Capt. William J. Dillon.f 

Capt. Jabez J. Anderson. 
11th Iowa, Lieut. Col. William Hall.* 
13th Iowa, Col. Marcellus M. Crocker. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. C. Carroll Marsh, 20th Illinois. 

11th Illinois: 

Lieut. Col. Thos. E. G. Ransom.* 
Maj. Garrett Nevins.* 
Capt. Lloyd D. Waddell. 
Maj. Garrett Nevins. 

20th Illinois: 

Lieut. Col. Evan Richards.* 
Capt Orton Frisbie. 

45th Illinois, Col. John E. Smith. 



•Wounded. 
fKilled. 



( 353 ) 



354 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

48th Illinois: 

Col. Isham N. Haynie.* 
Maj. Manning Mayfield. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Julius Raith$, 43d Illinois. 
Lieut. Col. Enos P. Wood, 17th Illinois. 

17th Illinois: 

Lieut. Col. Enos P. Wood. 

Maj. Francis M. Smith. 
29th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Charles M. Ferrell. 
43d Illinois, Lieut. Col. Adolph Engelman. 
49th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Phineas Pease.* 

Unattached. 

Dresser's Battery (D), 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. James P. 
Timony. 

McAllister's Battery (D), 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. Edward 
McAllister.* 

Schwartz's Battery (E), 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, Lieut. George N. 
Nispel. 

Burrow's Battery, 14th Ohio Light Artillery, Capt. Jerome B. Burrows.* 

1st Battalion, 4th Illinois Cavalry, Lieut. Col. William McCollough. 

Carmichael's Company Illinois Cavalry, Capt. Eagleton Carmichael. 

Stewart's Company Illinois Cavalry, Lieut. Ezra King. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. William H. L. Wallace.J 
Col. James M. Tuttle, 2d Iowa. 

First Brigade. 

Col. James M. Tuttle. 

2d Iowa, Lt. Col. James Baker. 

7th Iowa, Lt. Col. James C. Parrott. 

12th Iowa: 

Col. Joseph J. Woods.ft 
Capt. Samuel R. Edgington.|| 
14th Iowa, Col. Wm. T. Shaw.|| 

♦Wounded. 
JMortally wounded. 
ttWounded and captured. 
HCaptured. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 355 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Geu. John McArthur.J 
Col. Thomas Morton. 81st Ohio. 
9th Illinois, Col. August Mersy. 

12th Illinois: 

Lieut. Col. Augustus L. Chetlain. 

Capt. James R. Hugunin. 
13th Missouri, Col. Crafts J. Wright. 
14th Missouri, Col. B. S. Compton. 
81st Ohio, Col. Thomas Morton. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Thomas W. Sweeney,! 52d Illinois. 
Col. Silas D. Baldwin, 57th Illinois. 

8th Iowa, Col. James L. Geddes.* 
7th Illinois, Maj. Richard Rowett. 
50th Illinois, Col. Moses M. Bane.:? 

52d Illinois: 

Maj. Henry Stark. 
Capt. Edwin A. Bowen. 

57th Illinois: 

Col. Silas D. Baldwin. 
Capt. Gustav A. Busse. 
58th Illinois, Col. Win. F. Lynch.f 

Artillery. 

Willard's Battery (A), 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Lieut. Peter P. W'cd. 
Maj. J. S. Caveuder's Battalion Missouri Artillery: 

Richardson's Battery (D), 1st Missouri Light Artillery, Capt, Henry 

Richardson. 
Welker's Battery (H), 1st Missouri Light Artillery, Capt. Frederick 

Welker. 
Stone's Battery (K), 1st Missouri Light Artillery, Capt. George H. 
Stone. 

Cavalry. 

Company A, 2d Illinois Cavalry, Capt. John R. Hotaling. 
Company B, 2d Illinois Cavalry, Capt. Thomas J. Larison. 

Company C, 2d United States Cavalry, ~) 

n t ai.-u tt m. j no. j /-. i i- Lieut. James Powell. 

Company I, 4th United States Cavalry, J 

♦Wounded and captured. 

tCaptured. 

JWounded. 



35G Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Morgan L. Smith, 8th Missouri. 

11th Indiana, Col. George F. McGinnis. 
24th Indiana, Col. Alvin P. Hovey. 
8th Missouri, Lieut. Col. James Peckham. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. John M. Thayer, 1st Nebraska. 

28d Indiana, Col. William L. Sanderson. 

1st Nebraska, Lieut. Col. William D. McCord. 
58th Ohio, Col. Valentine Bausenwein. 
6Sth Ohio, Col. Samuel H. Steadman.* 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Charles Whittlesey, 20th Ohio. 

20th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Manning F. Force. 
5Gth Ohio, Col. Peter Kinney.* 
76th Ohio, Col. Charles R. Woods. 
78th Ohio, Col. Mortimer D. Leggett. 

Artillery. 

Thompson's Battery, 9th Indiana Light Artillery, Lieut. George R. Brown. 
Buel's Battery (I), 1st Missouri Light Artillery, Lieut. Charles H. Thurber. 

Cavalry. 

3d Battalion, 11th Illinois Cavalry, Maj. James F. Johnson.* 
3d Battalion, 5th Ohio Cavalry, Maj. Charles S. Hayes.* 

fourth division. 
Brig. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Nelson G. Williams,! 3d Iowa. 
Col. Isaac C. Pugh. 41st Illinois. 

28th Illinois, Col. Amory K. Johnson. 
32d Illinois, Col. John Logan. t 



♦Not engaged at Shiloh; remained at Crumps Landing. 
tWounded. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 357 

41st Illinois: 

Col. Isaac C. Pugh. 
Lieut. Col. Ansel Tupper.f 
Maj. John Warner. 
Capt. John H. Hale. 

3d Iowa: 

Maj. William M. Stone.* 
Lieut. George W. Crosley. 

Second Brigade. 
Col. James C. Veatch, 25th Indiana. 
14th Illinois, Col. Cyrus Hall. 

15th Illinois: 

Lieut. Col. Edward F. W. Bllis.f 

Capt. Louis D. Kelley. 

Lieut Col. William Cam, 14th Illinois. 

46th Illinois: 

Col. John A. Davis.* 
Lieut. Col. John J. Jones. 

25th Indiana: 

Lieut. Col. William H. Morgan.* 
Maj. John W. Foster. 

Third Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Jacob G. Lauman. 

31st Indiana: 

Col. Charles Cruft.* 

Lieut. Col. John Osborn. 
44th Indiana, Col. Hugh B. Reed. 
17th Kentucky, Col. John H. McIIenry, Jr. 

25th Kentucky: 

Lieut. Col. Benjamin II. Bristow. 

Major William B. Wall.* 

Capt. B. T. Underwood. 

Col. John H. McHenry, Jr., 17th Kentucky. 

♦Wounded. 

tKilled. 

JCaptured. 



358 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Artillery. 

Ross's Battery, 2d Michigan Light Artillery, Lieut. Cuthbert W. Laing. 
Mann's Battery (C), 1st Missouri Light Artillery, Lieut Edward Brotzmann. 
Myers's Battery, 13th Ohio Light Artillery, Capt. John B. Myers. 

Cavalry. 
1st and 2d Battalions 5th Ohio Cavalry, Col. William H. H. Taylor. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman^ 

First Brigade. 
Col. John A. McDowell,} 6th Iowa. 

40th Illinois: 

Col. Stephen G. Hicks.f 
Lieut Col. James W. Boothe. 

6th Iowa: 

Capt. John Williams.f 
Capt. Madison M. Walden. 
46th Ohio, Col. Thomas Worthington. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. David Stuart, t 55th Illinois. 

Lieut. Col. Oscar Malmborg,$ 55th Illinois. 

Col. T. Kilby Smith, 54th Ohio. 

55th Illinois, Lieut. Col. Oscar Malmborg. 

54th Ohio: 

Col. T. Kilby Smith. 
Lieut. Col. James A. Parden. 
71st Ohio, Col. Rodney Mason. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Jesse Hildebrand, 77th Ohio. 

53d Ohio: 

Col. Jesse J. Appier. 
Lieut. Col. Robert A. Fulton. 
57th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Americus V. Rice. 

tWounded. {Disabled. §Temporarily commanding. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 359 

77th Ohio: 

Lieut. Col. Wills De Hass. 
Maj. Benjamin D. Fearing. 

Fourth Brigade. 
Col. Ralph P. Buckland, 72d Ohio. 

48th Ohio: 

Col. Peter J. Sullivan.* 
Lieut. Col. Job R. Parker. 
70th Ohio, Col. Joseph R. Cockerill. 

72d Ohio: 

Lieut. Col. Herman Canfield.t 
Col. Ralph P. Buckland. 

Artillery. 
Maj. Ezra Taylor, Chief of Artillery- 
Taylor's Battery (B), 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. Samuel E. Barrett. 
Waterhouse's Battery (E), 1st Illinois Light Artillery: 
Capt. Allen C. Waterhouse.* 
Lieut. Abial R. Abbott* 
Lieut. John A. Fitch. 
Morton Battery, 6th Indiana Light Artillery, Capt. Frederick Behr.f 

Cavalry. 

2d and 3d Battalions 4th Illinois Cavalry, Col. T. Lyle Dickey. 
Thielemann's two companies Ilinois Cavalry, Capt. Christian Thielemann. 

/ 

SIXTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss. t 

First Brigade. 
Col. Everett Peabody, t 25th Missouri. 
12th Michigan, Col. Francis Quinn. 

21st Missouri: 

Col. David Moore.* 

Lieut. Col. H. M. Woodyard. 
25th Missouri, Lieut. Col. Robert T. Van Horn. 
16th Wisconsin, Col. Benjamin Allen.* 

♦Wounded. tKilled. tCaptured. 



SCO Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. Madison Miller ftlStli Missouri. 

61st Illinois, Col. Jacob Fry- 

18th Missouri, Lieut. Col. Isaac V. Pratt.tt 

18th Wisconsin, Col. James S. Alban.t 

Not Brigaded. 

16th Iowa:$ 

Col. Alexander Chambers. § 
Lieut. Col. Addison H. Sanders. 
15th Iowa, Col. Hugh T. Reed.§ 

23d Missouri. 1 1 

Col. Jacob T. Tiudall.t 
Lieut. Col. Quin Morton.ft 

Artillery. 

Hickenlooper's Battery, 5th Ohio Light Artillery, Capt. Andrew Hicken- 
looper. 

Munch's Battery, 1st Minnesota Light Artillery: 

Capt. Emil Munch. § 
Lieut. William Pfaender. 

Cavalry. 
1st and 2d Battalions, 11th Illinois Cavalry, Col. Robert G. Ingersoll. 

Unassigned Troops. 

15th Michigan,** Col. John M. Oliver. 

14th Wisconsin,t Col. David E. Wood. 

Battery H, 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. Axel Silt'versparre. 

Battery I, 1st Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. Edward Bouton. 

Battery B, 2d Illinois Artillery, siege guns, Capt. Reilly Madison. 

Battery F, 2d Illinois Light Artillery, Capt. John W. Powell.§ 

8th Battery, Ohio Light Artillery, Capt. Louis Markgaf. 



♦Killed. 

tTemporarily attached Monday to Fourteenth Brigade, Army of the Ohio. 

115th and 16th Iowa were on right in an independent command 

§Wounded. 

||Arrived on field about 9 o'clock April 6. 

ttCaptured. 

♦•Temporarily attached Monday to Fourth Brigade, Army of the Ohio. 



Maj. John H 
King. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 3GI 

ARMY OF THE OHIO. 
Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Bi ell, Commanding. 

SECOND DIVISION. 
Brig. Gen. ALEXANDER McD. McCook. 

Fourth Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau. 

Gth Indiana, Col. Thomas T. Crittenden. 

5th Kentucky, Col. Harvey M. Buckley. 

1st Ohio, Col. Benjamin F. Smith. 

1st Battalion, 15th United States, Capt. Peter T. Swain, 

1st Battalion, 16th United States, Capt. Edwin F. Towu.- 
send, 

1st Battalion, 19th United States, Maj. Stephen D. Car- 
penter, 

Fifth Brigade. 
Col. Edward N. KiRK.t 34th Illinois. 

34th Illinois: 

Maj. Charles N. Levanway.l 

Capt. Hiram W. Bristol. 
29th Indiana, Lieut. Col. David M. Dunn. 
30th Indiana: 

Col. Sion S. Bass.t 

Lieut. Col. Joseph B. Dodge. 
77th Pennsylvania, Col. Frederick S. Stumbangh 

Sixth Brigade. ' 

Col. William II. Gibson, 49th Ohio. 

82.1 Indiana, Col. August Willich. 

39th Indiana, Col. Thomas J. Harrison. 

15th Ohio, Maj. William Wallace. 

49th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Albert M. Blackman. 

Artillery. 

Terrill's Battery (H), 5th United States Artillery, Capt. William R. Terrill. 



tWounded. 
tMortally wounded. 
§Killed. 



362 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. William Nelson. 

Tenth Brigade. 

Col. Jacob Ammen, 24th Ohio. 

36th Indiana, Col. William Grose. 

6th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Nicholas L. Anderson. 
24th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Frederick C. Jones. 

Nineteenth Brigade. 

Col. William B. Hazen, 41st Ohio. 

9th Indiana, Col. Gideon C. Moody. 
6th Kentucky, Col. Walter C. Whitaker. 
41st Ohio, Lieut. Col. George S. Mygatt. 

Twenty-second Brigade. 

Col. Sanders D. Bruce, 20th Kentucky. 

1st Kentucky, Col. David A. Enyart. 
2d Kentucky, Col. Thomas D. Sedgewick. 
20th Kentucky, Lieut. Col. Charles S. Hanson. 

fifth division. 
Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden. 

Eleventh Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Jeremiah T. Boyle. 

9th Kentucky, Col. Benjamin C. Grider. 
13th Kentucky, Col. Edward H. Hobson. 
19th Ohio, Col. Samuel Beatty. 
59th Ohio, Col. James P. Fyffe. 

Fourteenth Brigade. 

Col. William Sooy Smith, 13th Ohio. 

11th Kentucky, Col. Pierce B. Hawkins. 
26th Kentucky, Lieut. Col. Cicero Maxwell. 
13th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Joseph G. Hawkins. 

Artillery. 

Bartlett's Battery (G), 1st Ohio Light Artillery, Capt. Joseph Bartlett. 
Mendenhall's batteries (H and M), 4th United States Artillery, Capt. John 
Mendenhall. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 363 

SIXTH DIVISION.* 

Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood. 

Twentieth Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. James A. Garfield. 

13th Michigan, Col. Michael Shoemaker. 
64th Ohio, Col. John Ferguson. 
65th Ohio, Col. Charles G. Harker. 

Twenty-first Brigade. 

Col. George D. Wagner, 15th Indiana. 

15th Indiana, Lieut. Col. Gustavus A. Wood. 
40th Indiana, Col. John W. Blake. 
57th Indiana, Col. Cyrus C. Hines. 
24th Kentucky, Col. Lewis B. Grigsby. 



Organisation of the Confederate Army at the Battle of Shiloh, 
Tennessee, April 6-7, 1862. 

ARMY OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 

Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston.! 
Gen. G. T. Beauregard. 

FIRST ARMY CORPS. 
Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Charles Clark.J 
Brig. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Robert M. Rlssell, 12th Tennessee. 

11th Louisiana: 

Col. Samuel F. Marks.* 
Lieut. Col. Robert H. Barrow. 

12th Tennessee: 

Lieut. Col. Tyree H. Bell. 

Maj. Robert P. Caldwell. 
13th Tennessee, Col. Alfred J. Vaughan, Jr. 
22d Tennessee, Col. Thomas J. Freeman. $ 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. Smith P. Bankhead. 



♦This division arrived upon the field about 2 o'clock on Monday. Wagner's brigade 
reached the front and became engaged, the 57th Indiana losing 4 men wounded. 
tKilled. 
JWounded. 

24 



364 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart. 

13th Arkansas: 

Lieut. Col. A. D. Grayson.* 
Maj. James A. McNeely.t 
Ool. James C. Tappan. 

4th Tennessee: 

Col. Rufus P. Neely. 

Lieut. Col. Otho F. Strahl. 
5th Tennessee, Lieut. Col. Calvin D. Venable. 
33d Tennessee, Col. Alexander W. Campbell. t 
Mississippi Battery, Capt. Thomas J. Stanford. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham.! 



First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson, t 
Col. Preston Smith, 154th Tennessee.! 

Blythe's Mississippi: 

Col. A. K. Blythe.* 
Lieut. Col. David L. Herron.* 
Maj. James Moore. 
2d Tennessee, Col. J. Knox Walker. 

15th Tennessee: 

Lieut. Col. Robert C, Tyler.t 
Maj. John F. Hearn. 

154th Tennessee (senior): 

Col. Preston Smith. 
Lieut. Col. Marcus J. Wright.f 
Tennessee Battery, Capt. Marshall T. Polk.f 

Second Brigade. 

Col. William H. Stephens, 6th Tennessee. 
Col. George Maney, 1st Tennessee. 

*Killed. 
tWounded. 



The Baltic of Shiloh. 3G5 

7th Keutucky: 

Col. Charles Wickliffe.J 

Lieut. Col. William D. Laimom. 

1st Tennessee (Battalion): 

Col. George Maney. 

Maj. Hume R. Field. 
Gth Tennessee, Lieut. Col. Timothy P. Jones. 
9th Tennessee, Col. Henry L. Douglass. 

Mississippi Battery, Capt. Melancthon Smith. 

Cavalry. 

1st Mississippi, Col. Andrew J. Lindsay. 

Mississippi and Alabama Battalion, Lieut. Col. Richard H. Brewer. 

Unattached. 

47th Tennessee, Col. Munson R. Hill.§ 

SECOND ARMY CORPS. 
Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg. 

Escort. 
Company Alabama Cavalry, Capt. Robert W. Smith. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Daniel Ruggles. 

First Brigade. 
Col. Randall L. Gibson, 13th Louisiana. 
1st Arkansas, Col. James F. Pagan. 

4th Louisiana: 

Col. Henry W. Allen.t 

Lieut. Col. Samuel E. Hunter. 

13th Louisiana: 

Maj. Anatole P. Avegno.J 
Capt. Stephen O'Leary.t 
Capt. Edgar M. Dubroca. 

tWounded. 
JMortally wounded. 
§Arrived on field April 7. 



366 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

19th Louisiana: 

Col. Benjamin L. Hodge. 
Lieut. Col. James M. Hollingsworth. 
Vaiden, or Bain's, Missisippi Battery, Capt. S. C. Bain. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson. 

1st Florida Battalion: 

Maj. Tbaddeus A. McDonell.* 

Capt. W. G. Poole. 

Capt. W. Capers Bird. 
17th Louisiana, Lieut. Col. Charles Jones.* 
20th Louisiana, Col. August Reichard. 

Confederate Guards Response Battalion, Maj. Franklin H. Clack. 
9th Texas, Col. Wright A. Stanley . 

Washington (Louisiana) Artillery, Fifth Company, Capt. W. Irving 
Hodgson. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Preston Pond, Jr., lGth Louisiana. 

16th Louisiana, Maj. Daniel Gober. 
18th Louisiana: 

Col. Alfred Moutou.* 

Lieut. Col. Alfred Roman. 
Crescent (Louisiana) Regiment, Col. Marshall J. Smith. 
Orleans Guard (Louisiana) Battalion, Maj. Leon Querouze.* 
38th Tennessee, Col. Robert F. Looney. 
Ketcbum's Alabama Battery, Capt. William H. Ketcbum. 

Cavalry. 

Alabama Battalion (5 companies — Jenkins, Cox, Robins, Tomlinson, and 
Smith), Capt. Thomas F. Jenkins. 



SECOND DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Jones M. Withers. 

First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Adley H. Gladden.! 

Col. Daniel W. Adams, * 1st Louisiana. 

Col. Zach C. Deas,* 22d Alabama. 

•Wounded. 
tMortally wounded. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 367 

21st Alabama: 

Lieut. Col. Stewart W. Cayce. 
Maj. Frederick Stewart. 

22d Alamaba: 

Col. Zacb C. Deas. 

Lieut. Col. Jolm C. Marrast. 

25th Alabama: 

Col. John Q. Loomis.f 
Maj. George D. Johnston. 

2Gth Alabama: 

Lieut. Col. John G. Coltart.t 
Lieut. Col. William D. Chadwick. 

1st Louisiana: 

Col. Daniel W. Adams. 
Maj. Fred H. Farrar, Jr. 
Robertson's, Alabama, Battery, Capt. Felix H. Robertson. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmeks. 

5th Mississippi, Col. Albert E. Fant. 

7th Mississippi, Lieut. Col. Hamilton Mayson. 

9th Mississippi, Lieut. Col. William A. Rankin. * 
10th Mississippi, Col. Robert A. Smith. 
52d Tennessee, Col. Benjamin J. Lea. 
Gage's, Alabama, Battery, Capt. Charles P. Gage. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson. 

17th Alabama, Lieut. Col. Robert C. Fariss. 
18th Alabama, Col. Eli S. Shorter. 
19th Alabama, Col. Joseph Wheeler. 

2d Texas: 

Col. John C. Moore. 
Lieut. Col. William P. Rogers. 
Maj. Hal. G. Runnels. 
Girardey's, Georgia, Battery, Capt. Isadore P. Girardey. 

♦Mortally wounded. 
tWounded. 



368 Seventy- seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Cavalry. 
Clanton's Alabama Regiment, Col. James H. Clautou.* 

THIRD ARMY CORPS. 
Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee.* 

First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman.tJ 
Col. R. G. Shaver, 7th Arkansas.! 
2d Arkansas: 

Col. Daniel C. Govan. 
Maj. Reuben F. Harvey. 
6th Arkansas, Col. Alexander T. Hawthorn. 

7th Arkansas: 

Lieut. Col. John M. Dean.§ 

Maj. James T. Martin. 
:'.il < 'onfederate, Col. John S. Marmaduke. 
Warren Light Artillery, or Swett's, Mississippi, Battery, Capt. Charles 

Swett. 
Pillow's Flying Artillery, or Miller's Tennessee, Battery, Capt. Miller. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne. 
15th Arkansas, Lieut. Col. Archibald K. Patton.§ 

Gth Mississippi: 

Col. John J. Thornton.* 
Capt. W. A. Harper. 

2d Tennessee: 

Col. William B. Bate.* 
Lieut. Col. David L. Goodall. 
5th (35th) Tennessee, Col. Benjamin J. Hill. 

23d Tennessee: 

Lieut. Col. James F. Neill.* 
Maj. Robert Cantrell. 
24th Tennessee, Lieut. Col. Thomas H. Peebles. 

*Wounded. 

tDisabled. 

JCommandin? his own and Third Brigade. 

IKilled. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 3G9 

(Shoup's Battalion.) 

Trigg's (Austin), Arkansas, Battery, Capt. John T. Trigg. 
Calvert's (Helena), Arkansas, Battery, Capt. J. H. Calvert. 
Hubbard's Arkansas, Battery, Capt. George T. Hubbard. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Sterling A. M. Wood.j 

Col. William K. Patterson, Sth Arkansas, temporarily. 

16th Alabama, Lieut. Col. John W. Harris. 
Sth Arkansas, Col. William K. Patterson. 
9th (14th), Arkansas (battalion), Maj. John H. Kelly. 
3d Mississippi Battalion, Maj. Aaron B. Hardcastle. 

27th Tennessee: 

Col. Christopher H. Williams.t 

Maj. Samuel T. Love.$ 
44th Tennessee, Col. Coleman A. McDaniel. 
55th Tennessee, Col. James L. McKoin. 
Harper's (Jefferson Mississippi) Battery: 

Capt. William L. Harper.* 

Lieut. Put Darden. 
Georgia Dragoons, Capt. Isaac W. Avery. 

RESERVE CORPS. 
Brig. Gen. John C. Breckinridge. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Rorert P. Traure, 4th Kentucky. 

(Clifton's) 4th Alabama Battalion, Maj. James M. Clifton. 
31st Alabama, Lieut. Col. Montgomery Gilbreath. 

3d Kentucky, Lieut. Col. Benjamin Anderson.* 

4th Kentucky, Lieut. Col. Andrew R. Hynes.* 

Sth Kentucky, Col. Thomas H. Hunt. 

Gth Kentucky, Col. Joseph H. Lewis. 
Crew's Tennessee Battalion, Lieut. Col. James M. Crews. 
Lyon's (Cobb's) Kentucky Battery, Capt. Robert Cobb. 
Byrne's Mississippi Battery, Capt. Edward P. Byrne. 
Morgan's Squadron, Kentucky Cavalry, Capt. John H. Morgan. 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. John S. Bowen.* 
Col. John D. Martin. 

rounded. tDlsabled. ^Killed. 



370 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

9th Arkansas, Col. Isaac L. Dunlop. 
10th Arkansas, Col. Thomas D. Merrick. 
2d Confederate: 

Col. John D. Martin. 
Maj. Thomas H. Mangum. 
1st Missouri, Col. Lucius L. Rich. 
Pettus Flying Artillery, or Hudson's Mississippi Battery, Capt. Alfred 
Hudson. 

Watson's, Louisiana, Battery, . 

Thompson's Company, Kentucky Cavalry, Capt. Phil. B. Thompson. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Winfield S. Statham, 15th Mississippi. 

15th Mississippi. 

22d Mississippi. 

19th Tennessee, Col. David H. Cunimings. 

20th Tennessee, Col. Joel A. Battle.f 

28th Tennessee. 

45th Tennessee, Lieut. Col. Ephraim F. LyUe. 

Rutledge's, Tennessee, Battery, Capt. Arthur M. Rultledge. 

Forrest's Regiment Tennessee Cavalry, Col. Nathan B. Forrest* 

Unattached. 

Wharton's Texas Regiment Cavalry, Col. John A. Wharton.* 
Wirt Adams's Mississippi Regiment Cavalry, Col. Wirt Adams. 
McClung's, Tennessee, Battery, Capt. Hugh L. W. McClung. 
Roberts' Arkansas Battery. 



Commanding and Staff Officers. 

DEPARTMENT OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Geo. W. Cullum, Chief of Staff. 
Capt. N. H. McLean, assistant adjutant general. 
Capt. J. C. Kelton, assistant adjutant general. 
Capt. P. M. Preston, assistant adjutant general. 
Col. Richard D. Cutts, aid-de-camp. 
Capt. C. B. Throckmorton, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. J. T. Price, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. D. C. Wagner, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. A. Backer, aid-de-camp. 

*Wounded. 
tCaptured. 
tKilled. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 371 

Brig. Gen. W. Scott Ketchuni, Inspector General. 

Brig. Gen. A. J. Smith, Chief of Cavalry. 

Col. J. V. D. Du Bois, Chief of Artillery. 

Col. Geo. Thorn, Chief of Engineers. 

Lieut. Col. J. B. McPherson, assistant chief of engineers. 

Col. J. C. McKibbin, Judge Advocate. 

Maj. Robert Allen, Chief Quartermaster. 

Maj. T. J. Haines, Chief Commissary of Subsistence. 

Surg. J. J. B. Wright, Medical Director. 

ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
Maj. U. S. Grant, commanding. 
Col. J. D. Webster, Chief of Staff. 
Capt. J. A. Rawlins, assistant adjutant general. 
Capt. W. S. Hillyer, aid-de-camp. 
Capt. W. R. Rowley, aid-de-camp. 
Capt. C. B. Lagow, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. Col. J. B. McPherson, Chief of Engineers. 
Lieut. W. L. B. Jenney, Assistant Chief of Engineers. 
Lieut. Wm. Kossak, Assistant Chief of Engineers. 
Capt. J. P. Hawkins, Chief Commissary of Subsistence. 
Surg. Henry S. Hewitt, Medical Director. 
Col. G. G. Pride, volunteer aid. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand, commanding. 

Maj. Adolph Schwartz,* 2d Illinois Artillery, chief of staff. 

Maj. M. Brayman, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. Warren Stewart,* Illinois Cavalry, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Henry C. Freeman,* aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Jos. E. Hitt, 4th Illinois Cavalry, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. A. B. Hall, 4th Illinois Cavalry, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. S. R. Tresilian, assistant engineer. 

Lieut. Erastus S. Jones, ordnance officer. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Abraham M. Hare,* 11th Iowa, commanding. 

Lieut, and Adjt. Cornelius Cadle, Jr., 11th Iowa, acting assistant adjutant 

general. 
Lieut. Samuel Caldwell, 8th Illinois, volunteer aid. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. C. C. Marsh, 20th Illinois, commanding. 

Lieut. E. P. Boas, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Adjt. J. E. Thompson,! 20th Illinois, aid-de-camp. 

♦Wounded. 
tKilled. 



372 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Capt. G. W. Kennard, acting assistant quartermaster. 
Surg. Christopher Goodbrake, brigade surgeon. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Julius Raith,* 43d Illinois, commanding. 

Lieut. Abraham H. Ryan, acting assistant adjutant general. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. W. H. L. Wallace,* commanding. 

Capt. Wm. McMichael,t assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. T. J. Newham, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Cyrus E. Dickey, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Guyton I. Davis, 11th Illinois, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. I. P. Rumsey, Taylor's Battery, aid-de-camp. 

First Brigade. 

Col. James M. Tuttle, 2d Iowa, commanding. 

Lieut. Jas. P. Sample, 7th Iowa, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. John McArthur,$ commanding. 

Lieut. Geo. L. Paddock, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. George Mason, 12th Illinois, aid-de-camp. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Thos. W. Sweeney, t 52d Illinois, commanding. 

Lieutenant and Adjutant Allen, 52d Illinois, acting assistant adju- 
tant general. 
Lieut. Wm. McCullough, 8th Iowa, aid-de-camp. 

THIRD DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. Lewis Wallace, commanding. 

Capt. Frederick Knefler, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. John W. Ross, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Addison W. Ware, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. E. T. Wallace, 11th Indiana, aid-de-eamp. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Morgan L. Smith, 8th Missouri, commanding. 
Lieut. D. C. Coleman, acting assistant adjutant general. 

♦Killed. 
tCaptured. 
t Wounded. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 373 

Second Brigade. 

Col. John M. Thayer, 1st Nebraska, commanding. 

Lieut. S. A. Strickland, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. Allen Blacker, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. William S. Whittiu, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Col. Robt. K. Scott, GSth Ohio, volunteer aid. 

Capt. Lewis Y. Richards, GSth Ohio, volunteer aid. 

Mr. Geo. E. Spencer, volunteer aid. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Charles Whittlesey, 20th Ohio, commanding. 
E. N. Owens, acting assistant adjutant general. 

FOURTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut, commanding. 

Capt. Smith D. Atkins, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. J. C. Long, 9th U. S. Infantry, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. M. K. Cook, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. S. Simmons, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Lieut. D. J. Benner, assistant quartermaster. 

Surg. A. G. Keenan, medical director. 

Lieut. W. H. Dorchester, volunteer aid. 

First Brigade. 

Col. N. G. Williams,* 3d Iowa, commanding. 

Lieut. P. Sessions, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. James C. Veatch, 25th Indiana, commanding. 

Capt. F. W. Fox, 14th Illinois, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieutenant ■ Brunner, 25th Indiana, aid-de-camp. 

Surg. John T. Walker, brigade surgeon. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Jacob G. Lauman, commanding. 

Lieut. II. Scofield,* acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. T. N. Barnes, aid-de-camp. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman,* commanding. 
Capt. J. H. Hammond, assistant adjutant general. 
Maj. W. D. Sanger, volunteer aid. 
Lieut. John Taylor, 5th Ohio, aid-de-camp. 



374 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Lieut. W. D. Strong, assistant quartermaster. 

Lieut. J. C. McCoy, 54th Ohio, aide-de-camp. 

Maj. Ezra Taylor, chief of artillery. 

Capt. C. A. Morton, 32d Illinois, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Surg. D. W. Hartshorn, medical director. 

Asst. Surg. Saml. L'Hommedieu, assistant medical director. 

Lieut. Wm. Kossak, engineer. 

First Brigade. 

Col. J. A. McDowell, 6th Iowa, commanding. 

Lieut. Byron K. Cowles, 6th Iowa, acting assistant adjutant general (ab- 
sent). 
Capt. Willard H. Harland, 6th Iowa, aid-de-camp. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. David Stuart,* 55th Illinois, commanding. 
Adjt. Charles Loomis, aid-de-camp. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Jesse Hildebrand, 77th Ohio, commanding. 

Lieut. S. S. McNaughton, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Fourth Brigade. 

Col. Ralph P. Buckland, 72d Ohio, commanding. 

Lieut. Eugene A. Rawson, 72d Ohio, acting assistant adjutant general. 

John B. Rice, surgeon. 

Lieut. D. M. Harkuess, 72d Ohio, quartermaster. 

SIXTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Benj. M. Prentiss,! commanding. 
Capt. Henry Binmore, assistant adjutant general. 
Lieut. Edwin Moore, aid-de-camp. 
Surg. S. W. Everett,! division surgeon. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Everett Peabody,J 25th Missouri, commanding. 
Capt. Geo. K. Donnelly, assistant adjutant general. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. Madison Miller,! 18th Missouri, commanding. 

♦Wounded. 
tCaptured. 
tKilled. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 375 



ARMY OF THE OHIO. 

Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, commanding. 

Col. James B. Fry, Chief of Staff. 

Capt. J. M. Wright, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. A. F. Rockwell, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. C. L. Fitzhugh, 4th U. S. Artillery, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. J. T. Bush, 24th Kentucky, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. J. H. Gilman, 19th U. S., Inspector of Artillery. 

Capt. E. Gay, 16th U. S., Inspector of Cavalry. 

Capt. H. C. Bankhead, 5th U. S., Inspector of Infantry. 

Capt. Nathaniel Michler, engineer. 

Surg. Robt. Murray, U. S. A., Medical Director. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Alex. McD. McCook, commanding. 

Capt. Daniel McCook, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. S. W. Davies, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. W. T. Hoblitzell, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. W. F. Straub, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. Orris Blake, provost-marshal. 

Capt. J. D. Williams, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Lieut. J. A. Campbell, ordnance officer. 

Surg. A. P. Meylert, medical director. 

Fourth Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Lovell H". Rousseau, commanding. 

Lieut. J. D. Armstrong, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. David Q. Rousseau, aid-de-camp . 

Lieut. John D. Wickliffe, 2d Kentucky Cavalry, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. W. M. Carpenter, assistant quartermaster. 

Mr. E. F. Jewett, volunteer aid. 

Fifth Brigade. 

Col. Edward N. Kirk,* 34th Illinois, commanding. 

Lieut. S. T. Davis, 77th Pennsylvania, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. Abraham Beehler, 34th Illinois, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. S. B. Dexter, 34th Illinois, aid-de-camp. 

Sixth Brigade. 

Col. W. H. Gibson, 49th Ohio, commanding. 
Capt. Henry Clay, assistant adjutant general. 
Lieut. Wm. C. Turner, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. E. A. Otis, aid-de-camp. 
Surg. S. W. Gross, brigade surgeon. 

♦Wounded. 



376 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

FOUBTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. William Nelson, commanding. 

Capt. J. Mills Kendrick, U. S. Volunteers, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Wm. P. Anderson, 6th Ohio, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Richard Southgate, Gth Ohio, aid-de-camp. 

W. Preston Graves, volunteer aid. 

Horace N. Fisher, volunteer aid. 

Capt. J. G. Chandler, U. S. Army, assistant quartermaster. 

Lieut. C. C. Peck, 6th Ohio, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Lieut. Chas. C. Horton, 24th Ohio, ordnance officer. 

Capt. and Asst. Surg. B. J. D. Irwin, U. S. Army, medical director. 

Tenth Brigade. 

Col. Jacob Ammen, 24th Ohio, commanding. 
Lieut. R. P. Wheeler, aid-de-camp. 

Nineteenth Brigade. 

Col. Wm. B. Hazen, 41st Ohio, commanding. 

Lieut. Robt. L. Kimberly, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Chas. D. Gaylord, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Wm. M. Beebe, Jr., aid-de-camp. 

Twenty-second Brigade. 

Col. Sanders D. Bruce, 20th Kentucky, commanding. 
Lieut. S. T. Corn, acting assistant adjutant general. 
Lieut. Wickliffe Cooper, aid-de-camp. 

FIFTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Thos. L. Crittenden, commanding. 
Capt. Lyne Starling, assistant adjutant general. 
Lieut. Louis M. Buford, aid-de-camp. 
Surg. Middleton Goldsmith, medical director. 

Eleventh Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. J. T. Boyle, commanding. 

Capt. John Boyle, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. H. Q. Hughes, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. H. T. Liggett, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. John T. Farris, acting assistant quartermaster. 

Fourteenth Brigade. 

Col. Wm. Sooy Smith ,13th Ohio, commanding. 

Lieut. Prank J. Jones, 13th Ohio, acting assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. R. E. Hackett, 26th Kentucky, aid-de-camp. 



The Hat tie of Shiloh. 377 



SIXTH DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Thos. J. Wood, commanding:. 

Capt. Wm. H. Schlater, assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. Geo. W. Lennard, 3Gth Indiana, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. Fred. A. Clark, 29th Indiana, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Col. Isaac Gass, G4th Ohio, inspector general. 

Lieut. Clark S. Gregg, G5th Ohio, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Lieut. Frank B. Hunt, G5th Ohio, ordnance officer. 

Lieut. John C. Martin, 21st Ohio, signal officer. 

Surg. Francis B. Mussy, medical director. 

Twentieth Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. James A. Garfield, commanding. 

Twenty-first Brigade. 
Col. Geo. D. Wagner, 15th Indiana, commanding. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, f commanding. 

Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg, Chief of Staff. 

Capt. H. P. Brewster, assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. N. Wickliffe, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. George Baylor, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Thomas M. Jack, aid-de-camp. 

Governor Isham G. Harris, volunteer aid. 

Col. Wm. Preston, volunteer aid. 

Maj. D. M. Hayden, volunteer aid. 

Dr. E. W. Munford, volunteer aid. 

Calhoun Benham, volunteer aid. 

Capt. Theodore O'Hara, assistant inspector general. 

Maj. Albert J. Smith, assistant quartermaster. 

Capt. W. L. Wickham, assistant quartermaster. 

Col. J. F. Gilmer,* Chief Engineer. 

Surg. D. W. Yandell, Medical Director. 

Gen. G. T. Beauregard, second in command, commanding, Monday. 

Col. Thomas Jordan, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. John W. Otey, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Col. S. W. Ferguson, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. A. R. Chisolm, aid-de-camp. 

Brig. Gen. James Trudeau, volunteer aid. 

Capt. W. W. Porter, volunteer aid. 

Maj. Geo. W. Brent, assistant inspector general. 

•Wounded. 
tKilled. 



378 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Col. R. B. Lee, Chief of Subsistence. 

Capt. Clifton H. Smith, assistant adjutant general. 

Col. Jacob Thompson, volunteer aid. 

Maj. Nunia Augustine, volunteer aid. 

Maj. H. E. Payton, volunteer aid. 

Capt. Albert Ferry, volunteer aia. 

Capt. E. B. Waddell, volunteer aid. 

Capt. E. H. Cummins, Signal Officer. 

FIRST CORPS. 

Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, commanding. 

Maj. Geo. Williamson,* assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. W. B. Richmond, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. A. H. Polk, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. P. B. Spence, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. John Rawle, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. John S. Lanier, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. W. M. Porter, volunteer aid. 

Lieut. Coy. E. D. Blake, assistant inspector general. 

Maj. Smith P. Bankhead, Chief of Artillery. 

Capt. J. T. Champneys, Chief of Ordnance. 

Maj. Thomas Peters, assistant quartermaster. 

Surg. W. D. Lyles, Medical Director. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Charles Clark,* commanding. 

Capt. W. H. McCardle, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Win. Yerger, Jr., aid-de- camp. 

Maj. W. H. Haynes,* acting commissary of subsistence. 

James E. McClure, assistant quartermaster. 

Maj. Howell Hinds, assistant adjutant general, Army of Potomac, volun- 
teer aid. 

Maj. W. M. Inge, assistant adjutant general, Army of Potomac, volunteer 
aid. 

Capt. John A. Buckner, 8th Kentucky, volunteer aid. 

First Brigade. 

Col. R. M. Russell, 12th Tennessee, commanding. 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. A. P. Stewart, commanding. 

Capt. Thomas W. Preston, t assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. N. Green, Jr., aid-de-camp. 

Col. W. B. Ross, volunteer aid. 

Mr. Joseph D. Cross, volunteer aid. 

♦Wounded. 
tKilled. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 379 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Maj. Gen. B. P. Cheatham,* commanding. 
Maj. James D. Porter, assistant adjutant general. 
Capt P. H. McNairy, aid-de-camp. 
Capt. T. if'. Henry, aid-de-camp. 

A. L. Robertson, aid-de-eamp. 

John Campbell,! aid-de-camp. 

Judge Archibald Wright, volunteer aid. 

Col. Edward Pickett, Jr., 21st Tennessee, volunteer aid. 

Capt. Wm. Roundtree, volunteer aid. 

First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. B. R. Johnson,* commanding. 

Maj. G. G. Rogers, assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. Wm. T. Blakemore, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. D. L. Moore, volunteer aid. 

Capt. John H. Anderson,* 10th Tennessee, volunteer aid. 

Second Brigade. 

Col. Wm. H. Stephens, 6th Tennessee, commanding. 
Lieut. Isaac M. Jackson,$ assistant adjutant general. 
Wm. D. Stephens,* aid-de-camp. 
Thos. A. Henderson,* aid-de-camp. 
Capt. A. L. Swingley, volunteer aid. 

SECOND ARMY CORPS. 

Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg, commanding. 

Maj. George G. Garner, assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. H. W. Walter, assistant adjutant general. 

Capt. G. B. Cooke, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Towson Ellis, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. F. S. Parker, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. Col. P. Gardner, C. S. Army, assistant inspector general. 

Lieut. Col. W. K. Beard,* Florida Volunteers, assistant inspector general. 

Capt. S. H. Lockett, chief engineer. 

Maj. J. H. Hallonquist, Chief of Artillery. 

Capt. W. O. Williams, Assistant Chief of Artillery. 

Capt. H. Oladowski, Chief of Ordnance. 

Maj. J. J. Walker, Chief of Subsistence. 

Maj. L. F. Johnston, Chief Quartermaster. 

Maj. O. P. Chaffee, Assistant Quartermaster. 

Surg. A. J. Foard, Medical .Director. 

Surg. J. C. Nott, Medical Inspector. 

Lieut. Col. David Urquhart, volunteer aid. 



•Wounded. 

tKilled. 

tMortally wounded. 

25 



380 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

FIRST DIVISION. 

Brig. Geii. Daniel Ruggles, commanding. 

Capt. Roy M. Hooe, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. M. B. Ruggles, aid-de-camp. 

Maj. E. S. Ruggles,* volunteer aid. 

Capt. G. M. Beck, volunteer aid. 

Col. S. S. Heard, 17th Louisiana, volunteer aid. 

Maj. J. H. Hallonquist, chief of artillery- 

Maj. John Claiborne, chief quartermaster. 

Lieut. L. D. Sandidge, assistant inspector general. 

Surg. F. M. Hereford,* medical director. 

Dr. S. S. Sandidge, volunteer surgeon. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Randall L. Gibson, 13th Louisiana, commanding. 
Lieut. Benjamin King,t aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. H. H. Bein, acting assistant adjutant general. 
Mr. Robert Pugh, aid-de-camp. 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson, commanding. 

Capt. William G. Barth, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Wm. M. Davidson, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. -John W. James, 5th Georgia, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. Henry D. Bulkley, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Capt. John T. Sibley, assistant quartermaster. 

Surg. C. B. Gamble, medical director. 

Lieut. Wm. McR. Jordan,* 1st Florida, aid-de-camp. 

Third Brigade. 

Col. Preston Pond, Jr., commanding. 

Lieut. O. O. Cobb, assistant adjutant general. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

Brig. Gen. Jones M. Withers, commanding. 

Capt. D. E. Huger, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. D. F. Withers, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. B. M. Thomas, assistant inspector general. 

R. W. Withers, volunteer aid. 

S. B. Howe, volunteer aid. 

Wm. Williamson, volunteer aid. 

L. E. Smith, volunteer aid. 

♦Wounded. 
fKilled. 



The Battle of Shi (oh. 381 

First Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. A. H. Gladden, f commanding. 
Maj. C. D. Anderson, acting assistant adjutant general. 
Adjt. Adolph Kent, 1st Louisiana, aid-de-camp. 
Adjt. John Stout, 25th Alabama, aid-de-camp. 
Adjt. Elias F. Travis, 22d Alabama, aid-de-camp. 
Sergt. Maj. ■ — Nott, 22d Alabama, aid-de-camp. 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers, commanding. 

Capt. Henry Craft, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. Geo. T. Banks, aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. W. T. Stricklin, 3d Mississippi, assistant inspector general. 

Capt. R. S. Crump, acting commissary of subsistence. 

Lieut. M. M. Shelley, volunteer aid. 

Mr. James Barr, voluuteer aid. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson, commanding. 

Capt. J. B. Cummings, assistant adjutant general. 



THIRD ARMY CORPS. 

Maj. Gen. Win. J. Hardee,* commanding. 
Maj. W. D. Pickett, assistant adjutant general. 
Lieut. John R. B. Burtwell, aid-de-camp. 
Lieut. Thomas W. Hunt,* aid-de-camp. 
Capt. William Clare,* aid-de-camp. 

Lieut. — ■ Wilson, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. A. W. Clarkson, aid-de-camp. 

Maj. F. A. Shoup, chief of artillery. 

Lieut. Wm. Kearney, assistant inspector general. 

Maj. L. O. Bridewell, chief quartermaster. 

Maj. W. E. Moore, chief commissary. 

Surg. G. W. Lawrence, medical director. 

Col. S. H. Perkins, volunteer aid. 

First Brigade. 
Col. R. G. Shaver, 7th Arkansas, commandi 

$ 

Second Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. P. R. Cleburne, commanding. 

Maj. J. K. Dixon, assistant adjutant and inspector general. 



♦Wounded. 
tMortally wounded. 



HS2 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

Third Brigade. 

Brig. Gen. S. A. M. Wood,* commanding. 

Lieut. Linus A. McClung, assistant adjutant general. 

Lieut. H. C. Wood, aid-de-camp. 

Capt. Wm. Clare,* volunteer aid. 

Capt. Joshua Sledge,* volunteer aid. 

Capt. J. H. Coleman, volunteer aid. 

Mr. Frank Foster, volunteer aid. 

Lieut. S. Church, acting commissary of subsistence. 

RESERVE CORPS. 
Brig Gen. John C. Breckinridge, commanding. 

First Brigade. 

Col. Robt. P. Trabue, 4th Kentucky, commanding. 
Joseph L. Robertson, assistant adjutant general. 
Capt. Samuel Gray, volunteer aid. 
John Hooe, volunteer aid. 
Thomas B. Darragh, volunteer aid. 
Robt. W. McKee, volunteer aid. 
Charlton Morgan,* volunteer aid. 
Charles J. Matson, volunteer aid. 

Second Brigade. 
Brig. Gen. John S. Bowen,* commanding. 

Third Brigade. 
Col. Winfield S. Statham, loth Mississippi, commanding. 



REPRESENTATIVE REPORTS 



ON THE 



BATTLE OF SHILOH 



UNION AND CONFEDERATE. 



FROM THE OFFICIAL RECORDS. 



(383) 




(384) 



GENERAL SHERMAN'S REPORT. 

Report of General William T. Sherman, U. S. Army, Commanding Fifth 

Division. 

Headquarters Fifth Division, 
Camp Shiloh, April 10, 1862. 

Sir: 1 have the honor to report that on Friday, the 4th instant, the 
enemy's cavalry drove in our pickets posted about a mile and a half in 
advance of my centre, on the main Corinth road, capturing one first lieu- 
tenant and seven men; that I caused a pursuit by the cavalry of my 
division, driving them back about five miles and killiug many. 

On Saturday the enemy's cavalry was again very bold, coming well 
down to our front, yet I did not believe that he designed anything but a 
strong demonstration. 

On Sunday morning early, the 6th instant, the enemy drove our advance 
guard back on the main body, when I ordered under arms my division, and 
sent w T ord to General McCleruand asking him to support my left; to General 
Prentiss, giving him notice that the enemy was in our front in force, and 
to General Hurlbut, asking him to support General Prentiss. At that time 
(7 A. M.) my division was arranged as follows: First brigade, composed of 
the 6th Iowa, Col. J. A. McDowell; 40th Illinois, Colonel Hicks; 46th Ohio, 
Colonel Worthington, and the Morton battery, Captain Behr, on the 
extreme right, guarding the bridge over Owl creek on the Purdy road. 
Second brigade, composed of the 55th Illinois, Col. D. Stuart; 54th Ohio, 
Col. T. Kilby Smith, and the 71st Ohio, Col. Mason, on the extreme left, 
guarding the ford over Lick creek. Third brigade, composed of the 77th 
Ohio, Col. Hildebrand; 53d Ohio, Col. Appier, and the 57th Ohio, Col. 
Mungen, on the left of the Corinth road, its right resting on Shiloh Meeting- 
House. Fourth Brigade, composed of the 72nd Ohio, Col. Buckland; 48th 
Ohio, Col. Sullivan, and the 70th Ohio, Col. Cockerill, on the right of the 
Corinth road, its left resting on Shiloh Meeting House. Two batteries 
of artillery (Taylor's and Waterhouse's) were posted, the former at Shiloh, 
the latter on a ridge to the left, with a front fire over open ground between 
Mungen's and Appier's regiments. The cavalry, eight companies of the 
Fourth Illinois, under Colonel Dickey, was posted in a large open field 
to the left and rear of Shiloh Meeting House, which I regarded as the centre 
of my position. 

Shortly after 7 A. M., with my entire staff, I rode along a portion of our 
front, and when in the open field before Appier's regiment the enemy's 
pickets opened a brisk fire on my party, killing my orderly, Thomas D. 
Holliday, of Company II, Second Illinois Cavalry. The fire came from 
the bushes which line a small stream that rises in the field in front of 
Appier's camp and flows to the north along my whole front. This valley 
afforded the enemy a partial cover, but our men were so posted as to 

(385) 



386 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

have a good fire at him as he crossed the valley and ascended the rising 
ground on our side. 

About 8 A. M. I saw the glistening bayonets of heavy masses of infantry 
to our left front in the woods beyond the small stream alluded to, and 
became satisfied for the first time that the enemy designed a determined 
attack on our whole camp. All the regiments of my division were then 
in line of battle at their proper posts. I rode to Colonel Appier and ordered 
him to hold his ground at all hazards, as he held the left flank of our first 
line of battle. I informed him that he had a good battery on his right 
and strong supports to his rear. General McClernand had promptly re- 
sponded to my request, and had sent me three regiments, which were 
posted to protect Waterhouse's battery and the left flank of my line. The 
battle began by the enemy opening with a battery in our front and throwing 
shells into our camp. Taylor's and Waterhouse's batteries promptly re- 
sponded, and I then observed heavy battalions of infantry passing obliquely 
to the left across the open field in Appier's front; also other columns 
advancing directly upon my division. Our infantry and artillery opened 
along the whole line and the battle became general. Other heavy masses 
of the enemy's forces kept passing across the field to our left and directing 
their course on General Prentiss. I saw at once that the enemy designed 
to pass my left flank and fall upon Generals McClernand and Prentiss, 
whose line of camp was almost parallel with the Tennessee river and about 
two miles back of it. Very soon the sound of musketry and artillery 
announced that General Prentiss was engaged, and about 9 A. M. I judged 
that he was falling back. About this time Appier's regiment broke in 
disorder, soon followed by fugitives from Mungen's regiment, and the enemy 
pressed forward on Waterhouse's battery, thereby exposed. 

The three Illinois regiments in immediate support of this battery stood 
for some time, but the enemy's advance was so vigorous and the fire so 
severe, that when Col. Raith, of the 43d Illinois, received a severe wound 
and fell from his horse, his regiment and the others manifested disorder, 
and the enemy got possession of three guns of this (Waterhouse's) battery. 
Although our left was thus turned and the enemy was pressing on the 
whole line, I deemed Shiloh so important that I remained by it, and renewed 
my orders to Colonels McDowell and Buckland to hold their ground, and 
we did hold those positions till about 10 o'clock A. M., when the enemy 
got his artillery in the rear of our left flank, and some change became 
absolutely necessary. 

Two regiments of Hildebrand's brigade — Appier's and Mungen's — had 
already disappeared to the rear, and Hildebrand's own regiment was in 
disorder, and therefore I gave orders that Taylor's battery, still at Shiloh, 
to fall back as far as the Purdy and Hamburg road and for McDowell and 
Buckland to adopt that road as their new line. I rode across the angle 
and met Behr's battery at the crossroads, and ordered it immediately to 
unlimber and come into battery, action right. Captain Behr gave the order, 
but he was almost immediately shot from his horse, when the drivers and 
gunners fled in disorder, carrying off the caissons and abandoning five 
out of six guns without firing a shot. The enemy pressed on, gaining this 



The Hat tie of Shi toh. 387 

battery, and we were again forced to choose a new line of defense, liilde 
brand's brigade had substantially disappeared from the field, though be 
himself bravely remained. McDowell's and Buckland's brigades si ill re 
tained their organizations, and were conducted by my aides so as to join 
on General McClernand's right, thus abandoning my original camps and 
line. This was about 10.30 A. M., at which time the enemy had made a 
furious attack on General McClernand's whole front. Finding him pressed 
I moved McDowell's brigade directly against the left flank of the enemy, 
forced him back some distance, and then directed the men to avail them- 
selves of every cover — trees, fallen timber, and a wooded valley to our 
right. We held this position for four long hours, sometimes gaining, at 
other times losing ground, General McClernand and myself acting in perfect 
concert and struggling to maintain this line. While we w r ere so hardly 
pressed two Iowa regiments approached from the rear, but could not be 
brought up to the severe fire that was raging in our front, and General 
Grant, who visited us on that ground, will remember our situation at 3 
o'clock P. M. ; but about 4 P. M. it was evident that Hurlbut's line had 
been driven back to the river and knowing that General Wallace was 
coming from Crump's Landing with re-inforcements, General McClernand 
and I, on consultation, selected a new line of defence, with its right covering 
the bridge by which General Wallace had to approach. We fell back as 
well as we could, gathering, in addition to our own, such scattered forces 
as we could find, and formed a new line. During this change the enemy's 
cavalry charged us, but were handsomely repulsed by an Illinois regiment, 
whose number I did not learn at that time or since. The Fifth Ohio Bat- 
tery, which had come up, rendered good service in holding the enemy in 
check for some time; and Major Taylor also came up with a new battery 
and got into position just in time to get a good Hanking fire upon the 
enemy's columns as he pressed on General McClernand's right, checking 
his advance, when General McClernand's division made a fine charge on 
the enemy, and drove him back into the ravines to our front and right. I 
had a clear field about 200 yards wide in my immediate front, and contented 
myself with keeping the enemy's infantry at that distance during the rest 
of the day. 

In this position we rested for the night. • My command had become 
decidedly of a mixed character. Buckland's brigade was the only one with 
me that retained its organization. Col. Hildebrand was personally there 
but his brigade was not. Colonel McDowell had been severely injured 
by a fall from his horse and had gone to the river, and the three regiments 
of his brigade were not in line. The 13th Missouri, Col. Crafts J. Wright, 
had reported to me on the field, and fought well, retaining its regimental 
organization, and it formed a part of my line during Sunday night and all 
of Monday; other fragments of regiments and companies had also fallen 
into my division, and acted with it during the remainder of the battle. 
Generals Grant and Buell visited me in our bivouac that evening, and 
from them I learned the situation of affairs on the other parts of the field. 
General Wallace arrived from Crump's Landing shortly after dark, and 
formed his line to my right and rear. It rained hard during the night, but 



388 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

our men were in good spirits and lay on their arms, being satisfied with 
such bread and meat as could be gathered from the neighboring camps, and 
determined to redeem on Monday the losses of Sunday. 

At daylight on Monday I received General Grant's orders to advance 
and recapture our original camps. I dispatched several members of my 
staff to bring up all men they could find, and especially the brigade of 
Colonel Stuart, which had been separated from the division all the day 
before, and at the appointed time the division, or rather what remained 
of it, with the 13th Missouri and other fragments, marched forward and 
occupied the ground on the extreme right of General McClernand's camp, 
where we attracted the fire of a battery located near Col. McDowell's 
former headquarters. Here I remained, patiently waiting for the sound 
of General Buell's advance upon the main Corinth road. About 10 A. M. 
the heavy firing in that direction and its steady approach satisfied me, and 
General Wallace being on our right flank with his well conducted division, 
I led the head of my column to General McClernand's right, formed line 
of battle, facing south, with Buckland's brigade directly across the ridge 
and Stuart's brigade on its right in the woods, and thus advanced slowly 
and steadily, under a heavy fire of musketry and artillery. Taylor had 
just got to me from the rear where he had gone for ammunition, and 
brought up three guns, which I ordered into position, to advance by hand, 
firing. These guns belonged to Co. A, Chicago Light Artillery, commanded 
by Lieut. P. P. Wood, and did most excellent service. Under cover of their 
fire we advanced till we reached the point where the Corinth road crosses 
the line of McClernand's camps, and here I saw for the first time the well 
ordered and compact columns of General Buell's Kentucky forces, whose 
soldierly movements at once gave confidence to our newer and less-disci- 
plined forces. Here I saw Willich's (32ud Indiana) regiment advance upon 
a point of water oaks and thicket, behind which I knew the enemy was in 
great strength, and enter it in beautiful style. Then arose the severest 
musketry fire I ever heard, which lasted some twenty minutes, when this 
splendid regiment had to fall back. This green point of timber is about 
500 yards east of Shiloh Meeting House, and it was evident that here was 
to be the struggle. The enemy could also be seen forming his lines to the 
south, and General McClernand sending to me for artillery, I detached 
to him the three guns of Lieutenant Wood's battery, and seeing some others 
to the rear I sent one of my staff to bring them forward, when, by almost 
Providential decree, they proved to be 24 pounder howitzers, belonging to 
McAllister's battery, served as well as ever could be. This was about 2 
o'clock P. M. The enemy had one battery close to Shiloh and another near 
the Hamburg road, both pouring grape and canister upon any column 
of troops that advanced toward the green point of Water Oaks. Willich's 
regiment had been repulsed, but a whole brigade of McClernand's division 
advanced beautifully, deployed, and entered this woods. I ordered my 
Second brigade, then commanded by Colonel T. Kilby Smith (Colonel Stuart 
being wounded), to form on its right, and my Fourth brigade, Col. Buck- 
land, on its right, all to advance abreast with the Kentucky brigade before 
mentioned, which I afterwards found to be Rousseau's brigade of McCook's 



The Battle of Shiloh. 389 

division. I gave personal direction to the 24-pounder guns on the left, and 
afterwards at the Shiloh Meeting House. Rousseau's brigade moved in 
splendid order steadily to the front, sweeping 'everything before it, and 
at 4 -P. M. we stood upon the ground of our original front line and the 
enemy was in full retreat. I directed my several brigades to resume at 
once their original camps. Several times during the battle cartridges gave 
out, but General Grant had thoughtfully kept a supply coming from the 
rear. When I appealed to regiments to stand fast, although out of cart- 
ridges, 1 did so because to retire a regiment for any cause had a bad effect 
on others. 1 commend the 40th Illinois and the 13th Missouri for thus 
holding their ground under a heavy fire, although their cartridge boxes were 
empty. 

I am ordered by General Grant to give personal credit where it is due 
and censure where I think it is merited. I concede that General McCook's 
splendid division from Kentucky drove back the enemy along the Corintli 
road, which was the great central line of this battle. There Beauregard 
commanded in person, supported by Bragg's, Johnston's and Breckinridge's 
divisions. I think Johnston was killed by exposing himself in front of his 
troops at the time of their attack on Buckland's brigade on Sunday morning, 
although in this I may be mistaken. My division was made up of regi- 
ments perfectly new, nearly all having received their muskets for the first 
time at Paducah. None of them had ever been under fire or beheld heavy 
columns of an enemy bearing down on them as they did on us last Sunday. 
They knew nothing of the value of combination and organization. When 
individual fears seized them the first impulse was to get away. To expect 
of them the coolness and steadiness of older troops would be wrong. My 
Third brigade did break much too soon, and I am not yet advised where 
they were during Sunday afternoon and Monday morning. Colonel Hilde- 
brand, its commander, was as cool as any man I ever saw, and no one 
could have made stronger efforts to hold men to their places than he did. 
He kept his own regiment with individual exceptions in hand an hour 
after Appier's and Mungen's regiments had left their proper field of 
action. Col. Buckland managed his brigade well, I commend him to 
your notice as a cool, judicious, intelligent gentleman, needing only confi- 
dence and experience to make a good commander; his subordinates, Colonels 
Sullivan and Cockerill, behaved with great gallantry, the former receiving 
a severe wound on Sunday, and yet commanding and holding his regiment 
well in hand all day, and on Monday till his right arm was broken by a shot. 
Col. A. J. McDowell, commanding the First brigade, held his ground on 
Sunday till I ordered him to fall back, which he did in line of battle, and 
when ordered he conducted the attack on the enemy's left in good style. 
In falling back to the next position he was thrown from his horse and 
injured, and his brigade was not in position on Monday morning. His 
subordinates, Colonels Hicks and Worthington, displayed great personal 
courage. Col. Hicks led his regiment in the attack of Sunday and received 
a wound which it is feared may prove fatal. He is a brave and gallant 
gentleman and deserves well by his country. Lieutenant Colonel Walcutt, 



390 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

of the 40th Ohio, was wounded on Sunday, and has been disabled ever 
since. 

My Second brigade, Col. Stuart, was detached near two miles from my 
headquarters. He had to fight his own battle on Sunday, as the enemy 
interposed between him and General Prentiss early in the day. Col. Stuart 
was wounded severely, and yet reported for duty on Monday morning, but 
was compelled to leave during the day, when the command devolved on 
Col. T. Kilby Smith, 54th Ohio, who was always in the thickest of the 
fight and led the brigade handsomely. I have not yet received Col. Stuart's 
report of the operations of his brigade during the time he was detached 
and must therefore forbear to mention names. Lieutenant Colonel Kyle, 
of the 71st Ohio, was mortally wounded on Sunday, but the regiment itself 
I did not see, as only a small fragment of it was with the brigade when it 
joined the division on Monday morning. Great credit is due to the frag- 
ments of the disorganized regiments who kept in the advance. I observed 
and noticed them, but until the brigadiers and colonels make their reports 
I cannot venture to name individuals, but will in due season notice all 
who kept in our front line, as well as those who preferred to keep back 
near the steam boat landing. 

I will also send a full list of the killed, wounded and missing, by name, 
rank, company and regiment. At present I submit the result in figures: 

:fc % :Je $ :|: % $: # % ^ :!; 

The enemy captured seven of our guns on Sunday, but on Monday we 
recovered seven guns — not the identical guns we had lost, but enough in num- 
ber to balance the account. At the time of recovering our camps our men 
were so fatigued that we could not follow the retreating masses of the 
enemy, but the following day we followed up with Buckland's and Hilde- 
brand's brigades for sis miles the result of which I have already reported. 
Of my personal staff I can only speak with praise and thanks. I think 
they smelt as much gunpowder and heard as many cannon balls and bullets 
as must satisfy their ambition. Captain, etc. 

4 :|s % * # :jc :fc % * :£ :}: 

I will also send in during the day the detailed reports of my brigadiers 
and colonels, and will indorse them with such remarks as I deem proper. 
I am with very much respect, your obedient servant, 

W. T. SHERMAN, 
Brigadier General, Commanding Fifth Division. 
Capt. John A. Rawlins, 

Assistant Adjutant General to General Grant. 



The Battle of Shiloh. 391 



GENERAL BUELL'S REPORT. 

Report of Major General Don Carlos Buell, U. S. Army, Commanding 
Army of the Ohio. 

Headquarters Army of the Ohio, 
Field of Shiloh, April 15, 1862. 

Sir: The rear division of the army under my command, which had been 
delayed a considerable time in rebuilding the Duck river bridge, left 
Columbia on the 3d instant. I left the evening of that day and arrived 
at Savannah on the evening of the 5th. General Nelson, with his division, 
which formed the advance, arrived the same day. The other divisions 
marched with intervals of about six miles. On the morning of the 6th 
the firing of cannon and musketry was heard in the direction of this place. 
Apprehending that a serious engagement had commenced, I went to General 
Grant's headquarters to get information as to the best way of reaching 
the battlefield with the division that had arrived. At the same time orders 
were dispatched to the division in rear to leave their trains and push 
forward by forced marches. 1 learned that General Grant had just 
started, leaving orders for General Nelsop to march to the river opposite 
Pittsburg Landing to be ferried across. On examination of the road up 
the river I discovered it to be impracticable for artillery, and Gen. Nelson 
was directed to leave his to be carried forward by steamers. 

The impression existed at Savannah that the firing was only an affair 
of outposts, the same thing having occurred for the two or three previous 
days; but as it continued I determined to go at once to the scene of action, 
and accordingly started with my chief of staff, Colonel Pry, on a steamer 
which I had ordered to be got under steam. As we proceeded up the river 
groups of soldiers were seen upon the west bank, and it soon became evident 
that they were stragglers from the army that was engaged. The groups 
increased in size and frequency, until as we approached the Landing they 
amounted to whole companies, and almost regiments, and at the Landing 
the banks swarmed with a confused mass of men of various regiments. 
The number could not have been less than 4,000 or 5,000, and later in the 
day became much greater. 

Finding General Grant at the Landing, I requested him to send steamers 
to Savannah to bring up General Crittenden's division, which had arrived 
during the morning, and then went ashore with him. The throng of disor- 
ganized and demoralized troops increased continually by fresh fugitives 
from the battle, which steadily grew nearer the Landing, and with these 
mingled great numbers of teams, all striving to get as near as possible 
to the river. With few exceptions all efforts to form the troops and move 
them forward to the fight utterly failed. 

In the meantime the enemy had made such progress against our 
troops that his artillery and musketry began to play into the vital spot 
of the position, and some persons were killed on the bank of the very 
Landing. General. Nelson arrived with Colonel Ammen's brigade at this 



392 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

opportune moment. It was immediately posted to meet the attack at that 
point, and, with a battery of artillery which happened to be on the ground 
and was brought into action, opened fire on the enemy and repulsed him. 
The action of the gunboats also contributed very much to that result. The 
attack at that point was not renewed, night having come on, and firing 
ceased on both sides. In the meantime the remainder of General Nelson's 
division crossed and General Crittenden's arrived from Savannah by 
steamer. After examining the ground as well as was possible at night 
in front of the line on which General Grant's troops had formed and as far 
to the right as General Sherman's division, I directed Nelson's and Crit- 
tenden's divisions to form in front of that line, and move forward as soon 
as it was light in the morning. During the night and early the following 
morning Captain Bartlett's Ohio battery, Captain Mendenhall's regular 
battery, and Captain Terrill's regular battery, Fifth artillery, arrived. 
General MeCook arrived at Savannah during the night of the 6th, and 
reached the field of battle early in the morning of the 7th. I knew that 
the other divisions could not arrive in time for the action that day. The 
patch of country on which the battles of the 6th and 7th were fought is 
called Shiloh, from the little church of that name which stands near the 
centre of it. It consists of an undulating table land, elevated some 80 or 
100 feet above the river bottom. . Along the Tennessee river to the east it 
breaks into abrupt ravines, and towards the south, along Lick creek, which 
empties into the Tennessee river some three miles above Pittsburg Landing, 
rises into a range of hills of some height, whose slopes are gradual towards 
the battlefield and somewhat abrupt towards Lick creek. Owl creek rises 
quite near the source of Lick creek, flows to the northeast around the 
battlefield into Snake creek, which empties into the Tennessee river four 
miles below Lick creek. 

The drainage is mainly from the Lick Creek Ridge and the table land 
into Owl creek. 

Coming from Corinth, the principal road crosses Lick creek at two 
points some 32 miles from its mouth and separates into three or four 
principal branches, which enter the table land from the south at a distance 
of about a mile apart. Generally the face of the country is covered with 
woods, through which troops can pass without great difficulty, though occa- 
sionally the undergrowth is dense. Small farms or cultivated fields of 
from 20 to 80 acres occur now and then, but as a general thing the country 
is forest. My entire ignorance of the various roads and of the character 
of the country at the time rendered it impossible to anticipate the probable 
disposition of the enemy, and the woods were always sufficient to screen 
his preparatory movements from observation. 

Soon after five o'clock on the morning of the 7th General Nelson's and 
General Crittenden's divisions, the only ones yet arrived on the ground, 
moved promptly forward to meet the enemy. Nelson's division marching 
in line of battle, soon came upon his pickets, drove them in and at about 
o'clock received the fire of his artillery. The division was here halted 
and Mendenhall's battery brought into action to reply, while Crittenden's 
division was being put into position, opposite which the enemy was discov- 



The Battle of Shiloh. 393 

ered to be formed in force. By this time McCook's divisiou arrived ou 
the ground and was immediately formed on the right of Crittenden's. 
Skirmishers were thrown to the front and a strong body of them to guard 
our left flank, which, though somewhat protected by rough ground, it was 
supposed the enemy might attempt to turn, and, in fact, did. but was hand 
soniely repulsed, with great loss. Each brigade furnished its own reserve, 
and in addition Boyle's brigade, from Crittenden's division, though it formed 
at first in the line, was kept somewhat back when the line advanced, to be 
used as occasion might require. I found on the ground parts of about two 
regiments — perhaps 1,000 men — and subsequently a similar fragment came 
up of General Grant's, force. The first I directed to act with General 
McCook's attack and the second was similarly employed to the left. 1 
saw other stragglers of General Grant's force immediately on General 
McCook's right, and some firing had already commenced there. I have no 
direct knowledge of the disposition of the remainder of General Grant's 
forces nor is it my province to speak of them. Those that came under 
my direction in the way I have stated rendered willing and efficient service 
during the day. The force under my command occupied a line of about 
one and one-half miles. In front of Nelson's division was an open field, 
partially screened toward his right by a skirt of woods, which extended 
beyond the enemy's line, with a thick undergrowth in front of the left 
brigade of Crittenden's division; then an open field in front of Crittenden's 
right and McCook's left, and in front of McCook's right woods again, with 
a dense undergrowth. The ground, nearly level in front of Nelson, formed 
a hollow in front of Crittenden, and fell into a small creek or ravine, which 
empties into Owl creek, in front of McCook. 

What I afterwards learned was the Hamburg road (winch crosses Lick 
creek a mile from its mouth 1 ) passes perpendicularly through the line of 
battle near Nelson's left. On a line slightly oblique to ours, and beyond 
the open fields, the enemy was formed, with a battery in front of Nelson's 
left, a battery commanding the woods in front of Crittenden's left and 
flanking the fields in front of Nelson, a battery commanding the same woods 
and the field in front of Crittenden's right*and McCook's left, and a battery 
in front of McCook's right. A short distance in rear of the enemy's left, 
on high ground, were the encampments of McClernand's and Sherman's 
divisions, which the enemy held. 

While my troops were getting into position on the right the artillery fire 
was kept up between Mendenhall's battery and the enemy's second battery 
with some effect. Bartlett's battery was hardly in position before the 
enemy's third battery opened fire on that part of the line, and when, very 
soon after, our line advanced with strong bodies of skirmishers in front, 
the action became general and continued with severity during the greater 
part of the day and until the enemy was driven from the field. 

The obliquity of our line, the left beinsr thrown forward, brought Nelson's 
division first into action, and it became very hotly engaged at a very early 
hour. A charge of the Nineteenth brigade from Nelson's right led by 
its commander Colonel Hazen, reached the enemy's second battery, but 
the brigade sustained a heavy loss from the fire of the enemy's batteries, 



394 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

and was unable to maintain its advantage against the heavy infantry force 
that came forward to oppose it. The enemy recovered the battery and 
followed up his momentary advantage by throwing a heavy force of infantry 
into Hie woods in front of Crittenden's left. 

The left brigade (Col. W. S. Smith) of that division advanced into the 
woods, repulsed the enemy and took several prisoners. In the meantime 
Captain Terrill's battery, Fifth artillery, which had just lauded, reached 
the field, and was ordered into action near the left, with Nelson's division, 
which was very heavily pressed by the greater numbers of the enemy. 
It belonged, properly, to McCook's division. It took position near the 
Hamburg road, in the open ground in front of the enemy's right, and at once 
began to act with decided effect upon the tide of battle in that quarter. 
The enemy's right battery was silenced. Ammen's brigade, which was on 
the left, advanced in good order upon the enemy's right, but was checked 
for some time by his endeavor to turn our left Hank and his strong counter 
attack in front. Captain Terrill, who in the meantime had taken an 
advanced position, was compelled to retire, leaving one caisson, iu which 
every horse was killed or disabled. It was very soon recovered. Having 
been re-inforced by a regiment from General Boyle's brigade, Nelson's 
division again moved forward and forced the enemy to abandon entirely 
his position. This success flanked the enemy's position at his second and 
third batteries from which lie was soon driven with the loss of several 
pieces of artillery, by the concentrated fire of Terrill's and Meudenhall's 
batteries and an attack from Crittenden's division in front. 

The enemy made a second stand some S00 yards in rear of this position 
and opened fire with his artillery. Meudenhall's battery was thrown for- 
ward, silenced the battery, and it was captured by General Crittenden's 
division, the enemy retreating from it. 

In the meantime the division of General McCook on the right, which 
became engaged somewhat later in the morning than the divisions on the 
left, had made steady progress until it drove the enemy's left from the 
hotly contested field. The action was commenced in this division by Rous- 
seau's brigade, which drove the enemy in front of it from his first position 
and captured a battery. The line of attack of this division caused a 
considerable widening of the space between it and Crittenden's right. It 
was also outflanked on its right by the line of the enemy, who made repeated 
strong attacks on its flank, but was always gallantly repulsed. The enemy 
made his last decided stand in front of this division in the woods beyond 
Sherman's camp. 

Two brigades of General Wood's division arrived just at the close of the 
battle, but only one of them (Colonel Wagner's) iu time to participate act- 
ively in the pursuit, which it continued for about a mile and until halted 
by my order. Its skirmishers became engaged for a few minutes with 
skimishers (cavalry and infantry) of the enemy's rear guard, which made 
a momentary stand. It was also fired upon by the enemy's artillery on 
its right flank, but without effect. It Wfi.8 well conducted by its commander 
and showed great steadiness. The pursuit was continued no further that 
day. I was without cavalry, and the different corps had become a good 



The Battle of Shiloh. 395 

deal scattered in a pursuit over a country which screened the movements 
of the enemy, and the roads of which I knew practically nothing. 

In the beginning of the pursuit, thinking it probable the enemy had 
retired partly by the Hamburg road, I had ordered Nelson's division to 
follow as far as Lick creek on that road, from which 1 afterwards learned, 
the direct road to Corinth was separated by a difficult ravine which empties 
into Lick creek. I therefore occupied myself with examining the ground 
and getting the different divisions into position, which was not effected 
until sometime after dark. 

On the following morning, in pursuance of directions of General Grant, 
General Wood was sent forward with two of his brigades and a battery of 
artillery to discover the position of the enemy and press him if he should 
be found iii retreat. General Sherman, with about the same force from 
General Grant's army, was on the same service, and had a spirited skirmish 
with the enemy's cavalry, driving it back. The main force was found to 
have retreated beyond Lick creek, and our troops returned at night. 

The loss of the forces under my command, 263 killed, 1,816 wounded, 
and 88 missing; total, 2,167. The trophies are twenty pieces of artillery, 
a greater number of caissons, and a considerable number of small arms. 
Many of the cannon were recaptured from the loss of the previous day. 
Several stand of colors were also recaptured. 

There were no idlers in the battle of the 7th. Every portiou of the 
army did its work. The batteries of Captains Terrill and Mendenhall were 
splendidly handled and served, that of Captain Bartlett was served with 
great spirit and gallantry, though with less decisive results. 

I specially commend to the favor of the Government, for their distin- 
guished gallantry and good conduct, etc., etc. 
*********** 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

D. C. BUELL, 
Major General Commanding. 
Captain M. H. McLean, 

Assistant Adjutant General, Department of the Mississippi. 



GENERAL McCOOK'S REPORT. 

Report of Brig. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook, U. S. Army, Commanding 

Second Division. 

Hdqrs. Second Division, Army of the Ohio, 

Field of Shiloh, April 9, 1862. 

Sir: I have the honor herewith to report that on the morning of the 6th 
instant, while on the march, at a point 12 miles from the town of Savannah, 
Tenn., I received an order to hasten forward with my division, with three 

26 



396 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

days' rations in haversacks and all my supply of ammunition. On account 
of the conditions of the roads and baggage trains it was impossible for me 
to get more than two days' rations and forty rounds of cartridges in the 
cartridge boxes of the men. I hastened forward, arriving at Savannah 
at 7 P. M. on the 6th instant, with my entire division, except the Second 
Regiment Kentucky Cavalry, which was left to guard the baggage. After 
resting my men two hours I marched to the river with General Rousseau's 
brigade, ordering the other brigades and the artillery to follow immediately. 
Arriving at the steamboat landing, I found no preparations made whatever 
to convey my division to this battlefield. I ordered my staff aboard boats 
at the Landing, compelling the captains to get out of their beds and prepare 
their boats for my use. I succeeded in embarking General Rousseau's 
brigade. As boats arrived I pressed them into service, and embarked 
Thirty-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, belonging to Colonel Kirk's 
brigade, and left with it for the field, leaving instructions at Savannah for 
the other portion of my division to follow as rapidly as means of transpor- 
tation was afforded. Arriving at Pittsburg Landing at 5 o'clock A. M. on 
the 7th instant, finding General Rousseau's brigade disembarked, I marched 
forward to a point where I believed it would be of most service, I there met 
General Buell, who directed me to form my line of battle with my left 
resting near General Crittenden's right and my right resting towards the 
north. I immediately formed this line with General Rousseau's brigade 
upon the ground designated, my right being without support. As soon as 
the remainder of Colonel Kirk's brigade arrived I placed his brigade in 
position as a reserve. When these arrangements were completed I ordered 
the line to cross a ravine and to take advantage of the high ground in front, 
having previously thrown two companies from each regiment of General 
Rousseau's brigade forward as skirmishers. The line became immediately 
engaged with a superior force of the enemy, the main attack being made 
on the right. Knowing that my right had no support, I ordered Col. Kirk's 
brigade, with the exception of Colonel Stumbaugh's Seventy-seventh Regi- 
ment Pennsylvania Volunteers, forward to take position on the right of 
General Rousseau's brigade, with instructions to watch the enemy, and 
if they were attacked, to hold the ground at every hazard. In the mean- 
time a portion df Colonel Gibson's brigade arrived, and I still believing 
that the heaviest attack was being made on my right, ordered Colonel 
Willich's Thirty-second Indiana Volunteers to form a line in the rear of 
the centre, to be used as circumstances might require. The enemy's attack 
on the right and centre was continuous and severe, but the steady valor of 
General Rousseau's brigade repulsed him. He was vigorously pursued 
for the distance of a mile, when he received large re-inforcements and 
rallied among the tents of a portion of General McClernan's division, from 
which it had been driven on the 6th instant. Here, supported by two 
pieces of artillery, which were lost the day before, the enemy made a 
desperate stand. 

At this juncture Colonel Buckley's Fifth Regiment Kentucky Volunteers 
charged and captured the two guns in position, with four more of the same 
battery, partially disabled', which the enemy could not carry off. Here 



The Battle of Shiloh. 397 

General Rousseau had the pleasure of re-taking General McClernand'e 

headquarters, and at this time, it is supposed, General A. S. Johnston fell, 
as (what was supposed to he) his body was found on the outer edge of this 
encampment. The enemy fell back over an open field, and re-formed in 
the skirt of the woods beyond. General Rousseau's brigade then advanced 
into the open field to engage him. The advance of my division had created 
a space between it and General Crittenden's, and the enemy began massing 
troops to take advantage of this gap in our line, made unavoidable by the 
attempt of the enemy to turn my right flank and his subsequent retreat. 
I immediately ordered Colonel Willich to advance to the support of General 
Rousseau's left and to give the enemy the bayonet as soon as possible. His 
regiment filed through the lines of Colonel Kirk's brigade, which had been 
withdrawn from the right when the danger menacing that flank had passed, 
and advanced into a most withering fire of shell, canister and musketry, 
which for a moment staggered it; but it was soon rallied and for an account 
of the numerous conflicts and desperate charges this regiment made I refer 
you to Colonel Willich's report. 

Being now satisfied that the enemy had changed his point of attack 
from the right to my extreme left, I ordered Colonel Stumbaugh's Seventy- 
seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers to take up a position on my 
extreme left and repel the assault there being made. He immediately 
engaged them, and at this moment the contest along the whole line became 
terrible. Colonel Kirk's brigade was now ordered to engage, and he 
arrived precisely at the right moment, as the cartridges of General Rous- 
seau's brigade were all expended. General Rousseau's brigade fell back 
through openings made in Colonel Kirk's ranks, and retired to the woods 
in the rear to be supplied with ammunition. 

Three hours before being convinced by the stubbornness with which the 
enemy was contending and the rapid discharges of my regiments that their 
40 rounds of cartridges would soon be exhausted, I dispatched Lieutenant 
Campbell, my ordnance officer, for teams to bring up ammunition. He 
arrived at the opportune moment with three wagon loads. While General 
Rousseau's brigade was being supplied with ammunition I ordered Colonel 
Gibson's brigade to engage on the left of Colonel Kirk's, where the enemy 
was still endeavoring to force his way. At this moment every available 
man was under fire, and the enemy seemed to increase in the vigor and 
the rapidity of his attack. Now the contest for a few moments became 
terrific. The enemy to retake the ground and battery lost, advanced with 
a force of at least 10,000 men against my two brigades, and when he 
deployed in line of battle the fires from the contending ranks were two 
continuous sheets of flame. Here Major Levenway, commanding the 
Thirty-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was killed by a shell, and 
the regiment wavered for a moment, when Colonel Kirk, colonel of the 
regiment, but commanding the Fifth brigade, seized a flag, rushed forward 
and steadied the line again. While doing this he was severely wounded 
in the shoulder. 

The enemy now began to turn the left of Colonel Gibson's brigade, when 
the Forty-ninth Ohio, by this disposition of the enemy, was compelled 



398 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

to change its front twice, which was done under a heavy fire. I am proud 
to say that this hazardous maneuver was performed with apparently as 
much steadiness as on parade. 

As soon as General Rousseau's brigade had received its ammunition 
it was again ordered into line, and I directed into action two regiments 
belonging to General Hurlbut's division, which had been lying in reserve 
on my left since morning. When these dispositions were made I ordered 
an adA r ance of my whole command, which was made in gallant style. The 
enemy did not withstand the charge, but fled, leaving all of their wounded, 
and were pursued by my division beyond General Sherman's headquar- 
ters of the day before, where the pursuit was taken up by the cavalry 
and artillery. During the action I momentarily expected the arrival of 
Captain Terrill and his battery. I sent an aid-de-camp to conduct him 
to me, so that I could put him in position. The aid-de-camp, through 
mistake, took the road which led to General Nelson's right, Captain Terrill 
was there ordered by General Buell into position. This officer did not 
fiffht under my immediate supervision, but from his report, and the verbal 
acknowledgments to me by General Nelson, he fought his battery gallantly 
and judiciously, and I commend him and his officers to my superiors. 
Captain Terrill. on account of his strict attention to duty in the past and 
conspicuous gallantry in this terrible conflict, is worthy of any promo- 
tion that can be bestowed upon him. 

My other two batteries, Captains Stone's and Goodspeed's, did not arrive 
in time to participate in the conflict. 

To the three brigade commanders — General Rousseau. Colonels Kirk 
and Gibson — the country is indebted for much of the success in this part 
of the field. General Rousseau led his brigade jnto action, and opened 
the conflict in this division in a most handsome and gallant style. He was 
ever to be seen watchiug the contest with a soldierly care and interest, 
which made him the admiration of the entire command. Colonel Kirk, 
who during the action was severely wounded in the shoulder, coolly and 
judiciously led his men under fire. He has been in command of the Fifth 
brigade for some months, and much of its efficiency is due to the care and 
labor he bestowed upon it. I respectfully call your attention to his meri- 
torious services upon this day. 

Colonel Gibson, although temporarily in command of the Sixth brigade, 
displayed great steadiness and judgment during the action. The maneuvers 
of his troops in the face of the enemy attest his skill and ability. Colonel 
Stumbaugh, with the Seventy-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
early in the action being ordered to watch the enemy upon my left, was 
at a later period ordered to engage. His regiment, partially isolated from 
the rest of the division, steadily moved over an open field in its front 
under a heavy fire. While here the enemy's cavalry charged this regiment 
twice, but were each time repulsed with heavy loss. Colonel Stumbaugh 
had the satisfaction of receiving the sword of Colonel Battle, of the 
Twentieth Tennessee, who surrendered to him as a prisoner. Major 
Bradford ably seconded the efforts of Colonel Stumbaugh. 

Colonel Bass, of the Thirtieth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, was 



The Battle of Skiloh. 399 

wounded twice, which is the best evidence of his bearing and bravery. 
After Colonel Bass* last wound Lieutenant Colonel Dodge, ably assisted 
by Major Hurd, took command of the regiment. All three of these officers 
deserve the thanks of their State and country. 

Lieutenat Colonel Dunn, commanding the Twenty-ninth Regiment 
Indiana Volunteers, was marked by all for his coolness and bravery. Cap- 
tain Bristol, of the Thirty-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, who took 
command of the regiment after the deatb of Major Levenway, greatly dis- 
tinguished himself during the day. Captain S. T. Davis, of the Seventy- 
seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, acting assistant adjutant gen- 
eral of the Fifth brigade; Captain Beehler and Lieutenant Dexter, of the 
Thirty-fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (all upon Colonel Kirk's staff) 
were of great assistance to him during the engagement. I mention the 
names of the officers of the Fifth brigade because the debility incident 
to Colonel Kirk's wound precludes the possibility of getting a report from 
him. 

For the instances of individual bravery and gallantry in the Fourth 
and Sixth brigades, where all were gallant, I refer you to the reports of 
General Rousseau and Colonel Gibson. 

The bravery and steadiness of the officers and men under my command 
are worthy of all praise, considering the circumstances surrounding them. 
The day before the battle they marched 22 miles; a portion of them stood 
all night in the streets of Savannah in a driving storm without sleep; all 
the way from Savannah the river bank was lined with fugitives in Federal 
uniform. At Pittsburg Landing the head of my column had to force it^ 
way through thousands of panic stricken and wounded men before it could 
engage the enemy. I take pleasure in calling your attention to Colonel 
Oliver and a portion of the Fifteenth Regiment Michigan Volunteers. 
When my division was marching into the field Colonel Oliver, before 
unknown to me, requested the privilege of serving with my command. I T is 
regiment was attached to General Rousseau's brigade, and during the 
day was under the hottest fire, where he, his officers and men. behaved 
with conspicuous gallantry. 

To the members of my staff, etc. * 

My casualties during the conflict were 93 killed, 803 wounded and '.» 
missing. The small number of the latter indicates the manner in which 
the division was held in hand. I herewith inclose a tabular statement 
of the killed, wounded and missing in each brigade.* 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant. 

A. McD. McCOOK. 
Brigadier General, Commanding Second Division. 

Capt. J. B. Fry, 

Assistant Adjutant General, Chief of Staff. 

*See revised statement Rebellion Records. 



400 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 



REPORTS OP GENERAL G. T. BEAUREGARD, C. S. ARMY, COM- 
MANDING ARMY OP THE MISSISSIPPI. 

Battlefield of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 

We this morning attacked the enemy in strong position in front of 
Pittsburg, and after a severe battle of ten hours, thanks to the Almighty, 
gained a complete victory, driving the enemy from every position. Loss 
on both sides heavy, including our Commander-in-Chief, General A. S. 
Johnston, who fell gallantly leading his troops into the thickest of the 
fight. 

G. T. BEAUREGARD, 
General, Commanding. 
General S. Cooper, 

Asistant Adjutant General. 



Headquarters Army of the Mississippi, 

Corinth, Miss., April 11, 1S62. 

General: On the 2nd ultimo, having ascertained conclusively, from the 
movements of the enemy on the Tennessee river and from reliable sources 
of information, that his aim would be to cut off my communications in 
West Tennessee with the Eastern and Southern States, by operating from 
the Tennessee river, between Crump's Landing and Eastport, as a base, 
I determined to foil his designs by concentrating all my available force at 
and around Corinth. 

Meanwhile, having called on the Governors of the States of Tennessee. 
Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana to furnish additional troops, some 
of them (chiefly regiments from Louisiana), soon reached this vicinity, and 
with two divisions of General Polk's command from Columbus, and a fine 
corps of troops from Mobile and Pensacola, under Major General Bragg, 
constituted the Army of the Mississippi. At the same time General John- 
ston, being at Murfreesborough, on a march to form a junction of his 
forces with mine, was called on to send at least a brigade by railroad, 
so that we might fall on and crush the enemy should he attempt an advance 
from under his gunboats. 

The call on General Johnston was promptly complied with. His entire 
force was also hastened in this direction, and by April 1st our united 
forces were concentrated along the Mobile and Ohio Railroad from Bethel 
to Corinth and on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad from Tuka to 
Corinth. 

It was then determined to assume the offensive, and strike a sudden 
blow at the enemy, in position under General Grant on the west bank of 
the Tennessee, at Pittsburg, and in the direction of Savannah, before he 
was re-inforced by the army under General Buell, then known to be 



The Battle of Shiloh. 401 

advancing for thai purpose by rapid marches from Nashville via Columbia. 

About the same time General Johnston was advised that such an operation 
conformed to the expectations of the President, 

By a rapid and vigorous attack on Genera] Grant it was expected he 
would be beaten hack into his transports and the river, or captured, in 
time to enable us to profit by the victory, and remove to the rear all the 
stores and munitions that would fall into our hands in such an event 
before the arrival of General Buell's army on the scene. It was never 
contemplated, however, to retain the position thus gained and abandon 
Corinth, the strategic point of the campaign. 

Want of general officers needful for the proper organization of divisions 
and brigades of an army brought thus suddenly together and other difficul- 
ties in the way of an effective organization delayed the movement until 
the night of the 2nd instant, when it was heard from a reliable quarter 
that the junction of the enemy's armies was near at hand. It was then, 
at a late hour, determined that the attack should be attempted at once, 
incomplete and imperfect as were our preparations for such a grave and 
momentous advance. Accordingly, that night at 1 A. M. the preliminary 
orders to the commanders of corps were issued for the movement. 

On '.he following morning the detailed orders of movement were issued 
and the movement, after some delay, commenced, the troops being in 
admirable spirits. It was expected we should be able to reach the enemy's 
lines in time to attack him early on the 5th instant. The men, however, 
for the most part, were unused to marching, and the roads, narrow and 
traversing a densely-wooded country, became almost impassable after 
a severe rain storm on the night of the 4th, which drenched the troops 
in bivouac; hence our forces did not reach the intersection of the roads from 
Pittsburg and Hamburg, in the immediate vicinity of the enemy, until late 
Saturday afternoon. 

It was then decided that the attack should be made on the next morning, 
at the earliest hour practicable, in accordance with the orders of the 
movement; that is, in three lines of battle, the first and second extending 
from Owl creek, on the left, to Lick creek, on the right, a distance of 
about three miles, supported by the third and the reserve. The first line, 
under Major General Hardee, was constituted of his corps, augmented 
on his right by Gladden's brigade, of Major General Bragg's corps, de- 
ployed in line of battle, with their respective artillery following immediately 
by the main road to Pittsburg and the cavalry in rear of the wings. The 
second line, composed of the other troops of Bragg's corps, followed the 
first at a distance of five hundred yards in the same order as the first. 
The army corps under General Polk followed the second line, at a distance 
of about eight hundred yards, in lines of brigades deployed, with their 
batteries in rear of each brigade, moving by the Pittsburg road, the left 
Ming supported by cavalry. 

The reserve, under Brigadier General Breckinridge, followed closely 
the third line in the same order, its right wing supported by cavalry. 
These two corps constituted the reserve, and were to support the front 
lines of battle, by being deployed, when required, on the right and left of 



402 Seventy -seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

the Pittsburg road, or otherwise act according to the exigencies of the 
battle. 

At 5 A. M. on the 6th instant, a reconnoitering party of the enemy 
having become engaged with our advance pickets, the commander of the 
forces gave orders to begin the movement and attack as had been deter- 
mined upon, except that Trabue's brigade, of Breckinridge's division, was 
detached and advanced to support the left of Bragg's corps and line 
of battle when menaced by the enemy, and the other two brigades were 
directed to advance by the road to Hamburg to support Bragg's right; and 
at the same time Maney's regiment, of Polk's corps, was advanced by the 
same road to re-inforce the regiment of cavalry and battery of four pieces 
already thrown forward to watch and guard Greer's, Tanner's and Bor- 
land's Fords, on Lick creek. 

At 5.30 A. M. our lines and columns were in motion, all animated, 
evidently by a promising spirit. The front line was engaged at once, but 
advanced steadily, followed in due order with equal resolution and steadi- 
ness, by the other lines, which were brought successively into action with 
rare skill, judgment, and gallantry by the several corps commanders as 
the enemy made a stand, with his masses rallied for the struggle for his 
encampments. 

Like an Alpine avalanche our troops moved forward, despite the deter- 
mined resistance of the enemy, until after 6 P. M., when we were in 
possession of all his encampments between Owl and Lick creeks but one; 
nearly all of his field artillery; about thirty flags, colors and standards; 
over 3,000 prisoners, including a division cummander (General Prentiss). 
and several brigade commanders; thousands of small arms; an immense 
supply of subsistence, forage, and muutitions of war, and a large amount 
of means of transportation — all the substantial fruits of a complete victory, 
such indeed as rarely have followed the most successful battles; for never 
was an army so well provided as that of our enemy. 

The remnant of his army had been driven in utter disorder to the imme- 
diate vicinity of Pittsburg, under the shelter of the heavy guns of his 
iron-clad gunboats, and we remained undisputed masters of his well 
selected, admirably provided cantonments, after over twelve hours of obsti- 
nate conflict with his forces, who had been beaten from thence, and the con- 
tiguous covert, but only by a sustained onset of all the men we could bring 
into action. 

Our loss was heavy. Our Commander-in-Chief, General A. S. Johnston, 
fell mortally wounded, and died on the field at 2. 30 P. M., after having 
shown the highest qualities of the commander and a personal intrepidity 
that inspired all around him and gave resistless impulse to his columns at 
critical moments. 

The chief command then devolved upon me, though at the time I was 
greatly prostrated and suffering from the prolonged sickness with which 
I had been afflicted since early in February. The responsibility was one 
which in my physical condition, I would gladly have avoided, though cast 
upon me when our forces were successfully pushing the enemy back upon 
the Tennessee river, and though supported on the immediate field by such 



The Battle of Shiloh. 403 

corps commanders as Major Generals Polk, Bragg and Hardee, and Brig- 
adier General Breckinridge, commanding the reserve. 

It was after 6 P. M., as before said, when tl aemy's lasl position 

was carried, and his forces finally broke and soughl refuge behind a 
commanding eminence covering Pittsburg Landing, not more than half a 
mile distant, and under the guns of the gunboats, which opened on our 
eager columns a fierce and annoying fire with shot and shell of the heaviest 
description. 

Darkness was close at hand; officers and men were exhausted by a 
combat of over twelve hours without food, and jaded by the march of the 
preceding day through mud and water. It was, therefore, impossible 
to collect the rich and opportune spoils of war scattered broadcast on the 
field left in our possession, and impracticable to make any effective dispo- 
sition for their removal to the rear. 

I accordingly established my headquarters at the Church of Shiloh, in 
the enemy's encampments, with Major General Bragg, aud directed our 
troops to sleep on their arms in such positions in advance and rear as 
corps commanders should determine, hoping, from news received by a 
special dispatch, that delays had been encountered by General Buell 
in his march from Columbia, and that his main force, therefore, could not 
reach the field of battle in time to save General Grant's shattered fugitive 
forces from capture or destruction on the following day. 

During the night the rain fell in torrents, adding to the discomforts aud 
harassed condition of the men. The enemy, moreover, had broken their 
rest by a discharge at measured intervals of heavy shells thrown from 
the gunboats; therefore on the following morning the troops under my 
command were not in a condition to cope with an equal force of fresh 
troops, armed and equipped like our adversary, in the immediate possession 
of his depots and sheltered by such an auxiliary as the enemy's gunboats. 

About G o'clock on the morning of April 7, however, a hot fire of mus- 
ketry aud artillery, opened from the enemy's quarter on our advanced 
lines, assured me of the junction of his forces, and soon the battle raged 
with a fury which satisfied me I was attacked by a largely superior force. 
But from the outset our troops, notwithstanding their fatigue and losses from 
the battle of the day before, exhibited the most cheering, veteran-like 
steadiness. On the right and centre the enemy was repulsed in every 
attempt he made with his heavy columns in that quarter of the field. On 
the left, however, and nearest to the point of arrival of his re-inforcements, 
he drove forward line after line of his fresh troops, which were met with 
a resolution and courage of which our country may lie proudly hopeful. 
Again and again our troops were brought to the charge, invariably to win 
the position in issue; invariably to drive back the foe.* But hour by hour. 
thus opposed to an enemy constantly re-enforced, our ranks were perceptibly 
thinned under the unceasing, withering fire of the enemy, and by 1- M. 
eighteen hours of hard fighting had sensibly exhausted a large Dumber. 

Officers of my staff were immediately dispatched with the necessary 

'From the opening of the battle on the second day, the confederates were steadily 
and continuously driven back until the close of the conflict. 



404 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

orders to make the best dispositions for a deliberate orderly withdrawal 
from the field, and to collect and post a reserve to meet the enemy, should 
he attempt to push after us. 

About 2 P. M. the lines in advance, which had repulsed the enemy in 
their last fierce assault on our left and center, received the orders to retire. 
This was done with uncommon steadiness and the enemy made no attempt 
to follow. 

The line of troops established to cover this movement had been disposed 
on a favorable ridge commanding the ground of Shiloh Church. From 
this position our artillery played upon the woods beyond for a while, but 
upon no visible enemy and without reply. Soon satisfied that no serious 
pursuit would be attempted this last line was withdrawn, and never did 
troops leave a battlefield in better order; even the stragglers fell into the 
ranks and marched off with those who had stood more steadily by their 
colors. (For the stragglers to have done otherwise would have been certain 
capture.) 

A second strong position was taken up about a mile in rear, where the 
approach of the enemy was awaited for nearly an hour, but no effort 
to follow was made, and only a small detachment of horsemen could be 
seen at a distance from this last position, warily observing our movements. 
Arranging through my staff officers for the completion of the movements 
thus begun, Brigadier General Breckinridge was left with his command as a 
rear guard to hold the ground we had occupied the night preceding the 
first battle, just in front of the intersection of the Pittsburg and Hamburg 
roads, about four miles from the former place, while the rest of the army 
passed to the rear in excellent order. 

On the following day General Breckinridge fell back about three miles 
to Mickey's, which position we continued to hold, with our cavalry thrown 
considerably forward in immediate proximity to the battlefield. 

Unfortunately, toward night of the 7th instant, it began to rain heavily. 
This continued throughout the night; the roads became almost impassable 
in many places, and much hardship and suffering ensued before all the 
regiments reached their encampments (at Corinth), but despite the heavy 
casualties of the two eventful days of April 6 and 7, this army is more 
confident of ultimate success than before its encounter with the enemy. 
To Major Generals Polk, Bragg and Hardee, commanding corps, and to 
Brigadier General Breckinridge, commanding the reserve, the country is 
greatly indebted for the zeal, intelligence and energy with which all 
orders were executed; for the foresight and military ability they displayed 
in the absence of instructions in the many exigencies of the battle on a 
field so densely wooded and broken, and for their fearless deportment as 
they repeatedly led their commands personally to the onset upon their 
powerful adversary. It was under these circumstances that General 
Bragg had two horses shot under him; that Major General Hardee was 
slightly wounded, his coat rent by balls and his horse disabled, and that 
Brigadier General Breckinridge was twice struck by spent balls. To give 
more in detail the operations of the two days' battles resulting from the 
movement on Pittsburg than now attempted must have delayed the report 



RD-9* 



The Battle of Shiloh. 405 

for weeks and interfered materially with the importanl duties of my posi- 
tion. But I may be permitted to say thai do1 only did the obstinate conflicl 
for twelve hours on Sunday leave the Confederate army masters of the 
battlefield and our adversary beaten, but we left that field on the next 
day after eight hours' incessant battle with a superior army of fresh troops, 
whom we had repulsed in every attack on our lines — so repulsed and 
crippled, indeed, as to leave it unable to take the field for the campaign 
for which it was collected and equipped at such an enormous expense and 
with such profusion of all the appliances of war. 

These successful results were not achieved, however, as before said, 
without severe loss— a loss not to be measured by the number of the slain 
or wounded, but by the high social and personal worth of so large a number 
of those who were killed or disabled, including the Commander-in-Chief of 
the forces, whose high qualities will be greatly missed in the momentous 
campaign impending. 

I deeply regret to record also the death of the Honorable George W. 
Johnson, Provisional Governor of Kentucky, who went into action with 
the Kentucky troops, and continually inspired them by his words and 
example. Having his horse shot under him on Sunday, he entered the 
ranks of a Kentucky regiment on Monday and fell mortally wounded 
towards the close of the day. Not his State alone, but the whole Confed- 
eracy, has sustained a great loss in the death of this brave, upright and 
able man. 

Another gallant and able soldier and captain was lost to the service 
of the country when Brigadier General Gladden, commanding the First 
brigade, Wither's division, Second Army Corps, died from a severe wound 
received on the 6th instant, after having been conspicuous to his whole 
corps and the army for courage and capacity. 

Major General Cheatham, commanding First division, First corps, was 
slightly wounded and had three horses shot under him. Brigadier General 
Clark, commanding Second division, First corps, received a severe wound 
also on the first day, which will deprive the army of his valuable services 
for some time. 

Brigadier General Hindman, engaged in the outset of the battle, was 
conspicuous for his cool courage, efficiently employed in leading his men 
ever in the thickest of the fray, until his horse was shot under him and 
he was, unfortunately, so severely injured by the fall that the army was 
deprived on the following day of his chivalrous example. 

Brig. Gens. B. R. Johnson and Bowen, most meritorious officers, were 
also severely wounded in the first combat, but it is hoped will soon be 
able to return to duty with their brigades. 

To mention the many field officers who died or were wounded while 
gallantly leading their commands into action and the many brilliant 
instances of individual courage displayed by officers and men in the twenty 
hours of battle is impossible at this time, but their names will be duly made 
known to their countrymen. 

(Here follows the usual favorable mention of officers.) 

It remains to state that our loss on the two days, in killed outright was 



406 Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment. 

1,728; wounded, 8,012, and missing, 959; making an aggregate of casualties, 
10,G99. 

This sad list tells iu simple language of the stout fight made by our 
countrymen in front of the rude log chapel of Shiloh, especially when it 
it known that on Monday, from exhaustion and other causes, not 20,000 
men on our side could be brought into action. 

Of the losses of the enemy I have no exact knowledge. Their news- 
papers report it as very heavy. Unquestionably it was greater even in 
proportion than our own on both days, for it was apparent to all that their 
dead left on the field outnumbered ours two to one. Their casualties, 
therefore, cannot have fallen many short of 20,000, in killed, wounded, 
prisoners and missing. 

I have the honor to be, General, your obedient servant, 

G. T. BEAUREGARD, 
General Commanding. 
General S. Cooper, 
Adjutant and Inspector General C. S. Army, Richmond, Va. 



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